Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.
Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.
How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.
Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.
The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.
Paragraph 1: Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a gain jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.
1.The author mentions “spreading ridges”, “subduction zones”, and “transform faults” in order to
O illustrate that the boundaries of tectonic plates are neat, thin lines
O explain why some tectonic plates carry islands or continents while others form the seafloor
O explain the complex nature of the edges of tectonic plates
O provide examples of areas of tectonic plates where little geologic action occurs
2. The word “converge” in the passage is closest in meaning to
O expand
O form
O rise
O move closer
Paragraph 2: Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a ma of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.
3.which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
O Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of the Pacific Plate.
O Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands that support coral.
O There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of the Pacific Plate.
O The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are because many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.
Paragraph 3: How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.
4. The word “instructive” in the passage is closest in meaning to
O clear
O detailed
O informative
O familiar
5. The word “eroded” in the passage is closest in meaning to
O worm down
O scattered
O developed
O deserted
6.In paragraph 3, what is the relationship between the scientific contribution of James Daly and Tuzo Wilson?
O Wilson provided an explanation for the observations made by Daly.
O Wilson challenged the theory proposed by Daly.
O Wilson found numerous examples of island chains that supported Daly’s theory.
O Wilson popularized the explanation of volcanic island formation formulated by Daly.
Paragraph 4: Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.
7.Why does the author provide the information that “the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano”?
O To point out differences between the Hawaii island chain and other volcanic island chains
O To question the idea that all the islands in an island chain have been formed by volcanic activity
O To explain why Wilson hypothesis was initially difficult to accept
O To provide evidence in support of Daly’s and Wilson’s ideas about how the Hawaii islands were formed
8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of mantle plumes
O They exist close to the surface of tectonic plates.
O They cause most of the volcanic activity that occurs in the interiors of plates.
O They are rarely active for long period of time.
O They get increasingly older away from the present hot spots.
Paragraph 5: The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.
9.According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists to
O reconstruct past geography
O detect changes in mantle plumes
O measure the rigidity of tectonic plates
O explain why the seafloor spreads
10.What can be inferred about the Pacific Plate from paragraph 5?
O The hot spots on the Pacific Plate are much older than the ones located on the other tectonic plates.
O Most of the volcanic sources beneath the Pacific Plate have become extinct.
O The Pacific Plate has moved a distance equal to the length of the Hawaiian Island chain in the past 80 million years.
O The Pacific Plate is located above fewer mantle plumes than other plates are.
11. The word “current” in the passage is closest in meaning to
O original
O ideal
O relative
O present
12.According to paragraph 5, why are geologists unable to trace back the entire geologic of continents from hot-spot trails?
O Hot spots have existed for only about 5 percent of geologic time.
O Hawaii did not exist 50 millions years ago.
O Oceanic basins that contained old hot-spot trails disappeared a long time ago.
O Hot-spot trails can be reconstructed only for island chains.
Paragraph 3: How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. ■Like many other island groups, they form a chain. ■The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. ■Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This pattern remained unexplained for a long time.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Although volcanic activity is concentrated on the edge of tectonic plates, such activity can occur in the interiors of plates as well.
Answer Choices
●
●
●
O Our understanding of islands comes from Daly’s and Wilson’s observations of the Hawaiian Islands, which was later confirmed by plate-tectonic theory.
O The hot-spot trails formed by volcanic island chains indicate the positions of tectonic plates as for back as the present ocean basins have existed.
O Whereas volcanic islands formed by mantle plumes are typically small, most of the world’s largest islands are formed at the edges of tectonic plates.
O It has only recently been discovered that tectonic plates are closely fitting rather than loosely constructed, as geologist previously believed.
O Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form in the interior of a tectonic plate as the plate moves over a fixed volcanic source in the mantle.
O The Pacific Plate has existed for as long as the Hawaiian Islands have existed, namely for more than 80 million years.
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14. Our understanding of islands comes…
Whereas volcanic islands…
It has only recently been…
地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的“构造板块”严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。一些板块承载着岛屿或是大陆，其它的则形成海底。所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们都漂浮在密度更大的半液态的介于地壳和地核之间的地幔上。板块的边缘是扩张脊（两个板块分离，新的海底形成的地方），俯冲带（两板块碰撞，一个倾入到另一个下面），或者是形成断层（两板块既不聚集也不分散，但只是互相错位）。板块边界是地球上的火山和地震的高发地。
一般地，板块内部在地质上是平静的，但也有例外。扫一眼太平洋的地图就知道那里有许多在大海深处的岛屿，它们其实都是火山，其中有许多已经不活动了，一些长满了珊瑚。这些火山都起源于当时太平洋板块内部一些部位在形成太平洋海底时的地质活动。
为什么火山活动发生在离板块边缘这么远的地方呢？夏威夷群岛提供了一个非常有启发性的答案。就像其它的群岛一样，它们形成了一个岛链。夏威夷群岛链从夏威夷岛向西北扩张。在十八世纪40年代，地质学家James Daly观察到不同的夏威夷岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程，但它们所受腐蚀一个比一个严重，所以越往西北方向的岛屿形成时间可能越早。1963年，在大陆板块理论的早期，加拿大的地质学家Tuzo Wilson意识到岛屿年龄的增加可能是因为这些岛屿是板块表面从一个板块内部的固定火山源上方移动的结果。Wilson解释说，夏威夷向西北延伸的火山长链只是一个长期存于板块下、地幔中的火山源在板块表面的表现。现今最靠西北的岛屿可能是最先形成的。它们随着板块向西北移动。新的火山会随着板块的移动在火山源处形成。最年轻的岛屿，夏威夷岛，应该是在岛链的末端，现在应该在火山源上。
虽然这个理论并没有被很快接受，夏威夷和其它群岛岩浆的年龄测试表明了它们的年龄都从活跃的火山开始依次增加，正如Daly所说。Wilson对数据的分析已经成为了板块构造论的核心部分。大多的发生在板块内部的火山爆发都是由地幔柱造成的；地幔柱是从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体。只要火山在一个地幔柱上面，它就是一个活动的“热点”。地幔柱很显然是起源于很深的地方，很可能位于地核和地幔的交界处，并且已经活跃了很久。由夏威夷热点形成的最老的火山已经有近8千万年的时间了。其它的岛屿，包括太平洋的塔希提岛和东部群岛，印度洋留尼汪岛和毛里求斯群岛，实际上，多数世界上大洋中大岛都是由地幔柱的扩展形成的。
海洋火山岛和它们的热点轨迹对于地质学家尤其有用，因为它们记录了过去的板块在固定火山源上方的位置。他们因此可以重现海底扩张的过程，以及大陆和大洋盆地过去的地理位置发展过程。比如，根据太平洋板块现在的位置，夏威夷岛在太平洋热点上面。所以太平洋板块5千万年前的位置可以通过移动太平洋板块使得一座有5五千万年历史的岛屿位于夏威夷岛现在所在的热点上以获得。但是，由于海洋盆地在地质年代上是相对短命的，用热点追踪的方法重建世界的地形只适用于最近的百分之五左右的地质时间。
