托福听力解题思路指导

 在听TOEFL 听力讲座材料完成题目的时候,明辨文章的结构关系能够帮助学生更好的完成对应的题目。在TOEFL 听力讲座材料中，通常有如下的结构：1). 定义; 2). 描述与例子; 3). 分类; 4). 顺序; 5). 对比与比较; 6). 原因与结果; 7). 问题与解决方法; 8). 建议与总结。以TPO前4套为例，归类这8种结构及对应的问题：

1.定义结构(Definition)

例：TPO2 L1, Muscle activities and thinking (Psychology)

听力文本:

P：Watson thought laryngeal habits . . . you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box . . .

对应问题:

7. Why does the professor say this:

A. To give an example of a laryngeal habit

B. To explain the meaning of a term

C. To explain why he is discussing laryngeal habits

D. To remind students of a point he had discussed previously

答案：B

定义结构出现的信号词有: is known as, is called, is, refers to, means…

2.描述与例子(Description and Example)结构

例：TPO2 L2, Manila hemp (Biology)

听力文本:

They have one more characteristic that’s very important, and that is that they are exceptionally resistant to salt water. And this combination of characteristics—long, strong, flexible, resistant to salt water—makes Manila hemp a great material for ropes, especially for ropes that are gonna be used on ocean-going ships. In fact, by the early 1940’s, even though steel cables were available, most ships in the United States Navy were not moored with steel cables; they were moored with Manila hemp ropes. Now, why was that? Well, the main reason was that steel cables degrade very, very quickly in contact with salt water.

对应问题:

16. According to the professor, what was the main reason that many ships used Manila hemp ropes instead of steel cables?

A. Manila hemp was cheaper

B. Manila hemp was easier to produce

C. Manila hemp is more resistant to salt water

D. Manila hemp is lighter in weight

答案：C

描述与例子结构出现的信号词有: consist of, adjective, for example, for instance, namely, specifically, that is…

3.分类(Classification)

例：TPO2 L3, Aristotle’s theory of happiness (Philosophy)

听力文本:

Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.

对应问题:

23. What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A. To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values

B. To explain Aristotle's views about the importance of teaching

C. To explain why people change what they value

D. To discuss Aristotle's views about human happiness

答案：D

分类结构出现的信号词有: kind of, types of, classes of , groups of , parts of, properties of, characteristics of, varieties of…

4.顺序(Sequence) ---时间(Chronology)或步骤(Process)

例1：TPO4 L4, American government supporting art (US Government)

听力文本:

But the first attempt the United States government made to, you know, to support the arts was the Federal Art Project…So, moving on, we don't actually see any govern…well any real government involvement in the arts again until the early 1960s, when President Kennedy and other politicians started to push for major funding to support and promote the arts…And for just those reasons, in 1965, the National Endowment for the Arts was created…And by the mid-1970s, by 1974 I think, all fifty states had their own arts agencies, their own state arts councils that work with the federal government with corporations, artists, performers, you name it…But they only succeeded in taking away about half the annual budget.

对应问题:

31. The class discusses some important events related to government support for the arts in the United States. Put the events in order from earliest to latest. The earliest one is The government provided no official support for the arts. This question worth 2 points.                                                                                                    A. Arts councils were established in all 50 states of the country.

B. The federal budget supporting the arts was reduced by half.

C. The Federal Art Project helped reduce unemployment.

D. The National Endowment for the Arts was established.

答案：C-D-A-B

例2：TPO1 L2, Uranium-Lead Dating (Geology)

听力文本:

So if you measure the amount of Lead in the Zircon grain, you can figure out when the grain was formed. After that, you can determine the age of Zircon from different mountain ranges. Once you do that, you can compare the age of the Zircon in the sandstone in your sample to the age of the Zircon in the mountains. If the age of the Zircon matches the age of one of the mountain ranges, then it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range.

对应问题:

14. In the talk, the professor describes the sequence of uranium-lead dating. Summarize the sequence by putting the events in the correct order. Drag your answer choices to spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it

A. Zircon in the sandstone is matched to the zircon in a particular mountain range.

B. The amount of lead in sandstone zircon is measured

C. The age of zircon in a sandstone sample is determined

答案：B-C-A

顺序结构出现的信号词有: first, second, third, next, then, last, finally, before, after, at the same time, meanwhile, now, as soon as , later , subsequently, eventually, step, stage, phase…

5.比较与对比(Comparison and Contrast)

例：TPO1 L4, Olympic Marmot & Eastern Marmot (Biology)

听力文本:

P: So now how would you describe the Eastern marmots’ social habits?

S: Well, they are really territorial, and loners, and just so aggressive even with other Eastern marmots. And their mating ritual is just so impersonal.

P: Uh-ha. Any contrast, the Olympic marmots? What about them?

S: Well, they live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two years old. They’re really friendly with each other. And what I really like is that they even have greeting ceremonies. And they are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots. So their social behavior is so different from Eastern marmots because of the climate where they live? That seems so bizarre.

对应问题:

31. Drag the appropriate description of each marmot species' behavior to the box below the marmot's name. Click on a phrase. Then drag it to the space where it belongs. One of the phrases will not be used.

Olympic Marmot

Eastern Marmot

None

Displays aggressive tendencies

Is family oriented   

Stays active during the winter

答案：

Olympic Marmot

Eastern Marmot

None

Displays aggressive tendencies

X 

Is family oriented   

X

Stays active during the winter 

X

比较与对比结构出现的信号词有: like, similar to, differ from, compared with, in comparison, similarly, in the same way, in contrast, whereas, adjective + -er,

although, but, conversely, in spite of, even though, however, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, despite…

6.原因与结果(Cause and Effect)

例：TPO4 L3, Moving rocks (Geology)

听力文本:

Death valley is this desert plane, a dry lake bed in California surrounded by mountains and on the desert floor these huge rocks, some of them hundreds of pounds. And they move…So what’s going on? Theory NO.1 ---Wind?... Um…How can that be? How about wind combined with rain?... There are a few other theories. Maybe the ground vibrates, or maybe the ground itself is shifting, tilting.

对应问题:

23. What does the professor mainly discuss?

A. His plans for research involving moving rocks.

B. A difference between two geological forces that cause rocks to move.

C. Theories about why desert rocks move.

D. Reasons why geologists should study moving rocks.

答案：C

原因与结果结构出现的信号词有: as a consequence, as a result, thus, therefore,

because, because of, for this reason, consequently, since, so

7.问题与解决方案(Problem and Solution)

例：TPO3 L1, Humming bird (Biology)

听力文本:

But the problem, well, as natural habitat along these migration routes is developed by humans for housing or agriculture or cleared for raising cattle, for instance, there is less food available for migrating humming birds. Their nesting sites are affected too, the same by the same sorts of human activities. And all of these activities pose a real threat to the humming bird population. So help them survive, we need to preserve their habitats. And one of the concrete ways people have been doing this is by cleaning up polluted habitat areas and then replanting flowers, um, replanting native flowers that humming birds feed on. Promoting ecological tourism is another way to help save their habitat.

对应问题:

8. What does the professor say people have done to help hummingbirds survive?

A. They have built a series of hummingbird feeding stations

B. They have supported new laws that punish polluters of wildlife habitats

C. They have replanted native flowers in once polluted areas

D. They have learned to identify various hummingbird species

答案：C

问题与解决方案结构出现的信号词有: problem…

8.建议与总结(Persuasion and Evaluation)

例：TPO1 L1, Rose Frantzen’s art (Art)

听力文本:

But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more series of art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting.

对应问题:

10. Why does the professor discuss Frantzen's difficulties as a young painter?

A. He wants to point out mistakes that young artists commonly make

B. He thinks her example can inspire the students in their own lives

C. Her difficulties remind him of the difficulties he himself experienced as a young girl

D. Her difficulties are the subject of some of the paintings in the gallery that the students will visit

答案：B

建议与总结结构出现的信号词有: first, second, third, should, must, ought to, therefore, in conclusion, in summary…

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