托福阅读因果逻辑深入剖析(2)-处理句子简化题

 本系列上一篇文章已经带大家领略多样的因果逻辑词/词组, 并且练习了在句子中对原因和结果的理解. 这些为我们将要讨论的有因果关系的句子简化题做好了准备工作. 那么, let’s rock.

分析方法: 读句子, 寻找因果关系, 确认原句原因与结果, 并和选项核对, 选项和原句因果一致的才是正确答案.

u 例题1

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

本句中动词词组result from是明显的因果逻辑词组, 并且属于前果后因.原因= land+people+difficulty, 结果= The extreme seriousness of desertification, 因为大片土地和众多受影响的人们及逆转或者降低过程的巨大难度导致了沙漠化的极端严重性.

那么我们来浏览以下4个选项.

○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

A 中的because说明前果后因, 结果和原句一致, 原因也一致, 就是正确答案了.

○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

B选项也有because, 那么结果是降低沙漠化的速度, 和原句结果不一致, B错误, 当然如果你去核对原因,会发现也不一致.

○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

C选项浏览完毕发现主句强调沙漠化蔓延的问题能够被解决, 和原句的结果不一致, 排除.

○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

 D选项既没有因果逻辑,而且明显和原句的原因不一致.

u 例题2

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

本句中连词because表达原因, 前果后因. (所以)科学家们把基础小组看作个人和社会之间的桥梁, 因为小组传输、协调和解读社会的文化规律并提供对社会团结很重要的统一性.

○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.

A选项文化规律建立了个人与社会的链接, establish建立可以认为是隐性因果, 然而原句结果是primary groups, 在该选项中没有出现, 错误. 

○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.

B选项和A错误原因一致, 原句结果是primary groups, 在该选项中没有出现.

○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.

C选项因果和原句一致, 正确答案.

○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

D选项, 动词词组arise from由于,可以当作隐性因果词, 那么cultural patterns就是结果, 和原句结果冲突, 错误.

u 例题3

He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

本句中动词reason是明显的因果逻辑词表示因为, 因为如果他制作和卖投影仪, 那么展览者就只会从他那里只买1个机器而不是几个, 所以他拒绝去发展投影技术.

○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

A选项浏览完毕,发现没有因果逻辑, 反而是比较, 错误.

○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.

B选项有because, 那么我们开始核对原因和结果. 结果一致, 但是原因冲突.

○Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

C选项也有because, 那么我们继续核对原因和结果. 结果一致, 选项原因指限制了他能够卖的机器个数和原句原因一致, 选项因果和原句因果一致, 所以C是正确答案.

○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

D浏览完毕发现该选项里没有因果逻辑.

前3个例题里原句和正确选项里都有明显的因果词,那么下面3个例题我们要增加难度, 原句或正确选项里出现隐性因果甚至因果消失, 一起闯关吧.

u 例题4

As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

原句有明显因果关系词组As a result of, 前因后果. 因为地壳调整和断层作用, 所以GS打开,水壮观的流回到地中海.

○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.

A选项浏览完毕发现caused导致, 所以地壳调整和断层作用是结果, 原句里它是原因,冲突所以A错误.  

○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

B选项,因为地壳调整和断层作用打开GS(当地壳调整和断层作用打开GS时), 导致地中海被大西洋海水重新填满. 选项因果和原句因果意思一致, 正确答案.

l 特别提醒, 此处的when是个隐性原因哦.

○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.

C选项 as spectacular as比较逻辑, 水流和地壳调整和断层作用的比较, 原句是因果, 不是比较, 错误.

○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

D选项原因是地壳调整和断层+GS的产生, 和原句原因不一致, 错误.

l 特别提醒, 本题是原句有明显因果, 然而正确答案中是隐性因果, 出现了显性向隐性的转变, 增加了逻辑关系识别的难度, 但是正确选项里的因果关系及意思在本质上没有发生变化.

u 例题5

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

原句中有明显因果词thus, 前因后果. 因为携带来自肢体的冷血的血管和带来自身体的热血的血管距离很近, 前者能从后者中获得热量; 所以,热量就出现了外内的交换.

○In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.

A选项, (因为)外内血管距离近, (所以)热量就在外内间交换. 和原句因果一致, 正确答案.

l 特别提醒, 本题是原句有明显因果thus, 然而正确答案中是因果关系词消失, 然而意思和原句一致.

○Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.

B选项冷血管可以从附近的热血管吸收热量, 并随后向身体归还被加热的血液. 和原句结果不一致, 错误.

○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.

C选项有thus, 那么我们先核对结果, 选项结果是提高血液温度和原句结果冲突, 错误.

○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers

D选项, 根据上文例题4我们发现when也可以表示原因, 所以选项原因是海龟把鳍靠近身体, 和原句原因冲突, 错误.

u 例题6

Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

原句里有隐性因果so that表示“以至于”也就是导致/所以, 前因后果. 大部分的版画是左边打光, 左侧打光导致右撇子画家手的影子不会落在绘画工具上.

○ Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.

A选项浏览完毕发现because, 下一步核对因果是否一致, 然而选项结果是右撇子画家更容易避免影子落在作品上, 原句结果里没有更容易这个比较,结果不一致,错误.

○ The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.

B选项通读后发现没有因果, 绘画工具被左侧打光的右撇子画家使用, 错误.

○ The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.

C选项意思是, 大部分版画最佳的光源说明它们是被想要避免手的阴影干扰作画的右撇子制造的. 该选项和原句意思一致, 是正确答案.

l 特别提醒, 本题是原句有隐性因果so that, 然而正确选项中是因果消失, 然而意思上是一致的.

○ Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.

D选项通读后发现没有因果, 而且意思是右撇子艺术家尝试不用刷子, 这和原句意思不一致, 错误.

通过这6个例题我们练习了如何破解有因果逻辑的托福句子简化题. 总结如下: 题目如果有因果逻辑, 那么正确选项也要有, 而且选项的因果要和原句因果相应且意思一致. 但是要注意 ？？因果逻辑词可以替换甚至可以消失哦. 看到这里,想必你有实践的冲动,给大家在文末留出一个练习题, 快动手实践吧.

原句:

Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

A. Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.

B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.

C. Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.

D. The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.