10月10日雅思回顾丨地图题成双出现！

国庆长假后的第一场雅思考试昨天已经结束，听力写作双双遭遇地图题，烤鸭们还好吗？下面就一起来回顾下昨天的雅思考情吧！

听力部分

Section 1 暑期兼职工作咨询
题型：填空
1-10 填空
1. Difficulty: moderate
2. park with a good view
3. pool under the waterfall
4. museum in the central town
5. can see lots of flowers
6. cafe and seafood
7. you can take the No. 279 bus directly there.
8. today is weekday so the last bust time is 5.30 pm
9. you will get off the bus at the bridge stop
10. you will get a map after buying the family ticket

Section 2 参观美术馆
题型：选择+地图
11-15 地图题
11. when was this art gallery open to the public?
C. The year 1888
12. the former owner of the art gallery wanted it to be
C. the oil painting
13. the biggest capital from donation funded by
A. local government
14. what will be open to the public
B. sculpture garden
15. visits attention:
A. tickets should be used at a certain time
16-20 地图题
16 multimedia room---E
17 tea house---A
18 the web room---B
19 cafe---C
20 shop---D

Section 3 学生和老师讨论家具公司
题型：单选+多选
21-26 单选
21. what the company does
C. specialized in XXX products
22. How did company W get involved in this department?
B. news of article about academic business
23. what is the methodology of research?
A. check the account
24. why did students choose the face-to-face interview
C. less disturbance
25. how do they think the software?
A. hard to predict
26. what is the supervisor's view on the results of their questionnaire?
B. it was above average

27-30 多选
27-28. what influence does the new software bring to the company?
C. extra staff
E. cut labor cost
29-30. how do the customers react to the new software?
C. more involvement in the design
E. save time

Section 4 城市市政交通规划
题型：填空
31-40 填空
31. buildings affect pedestrian access instead of traffic most
32. take into account of the storage/parking
33. set up enough warning signs
34. signpost in the dark area must be obvious
35. some cameras were applied in the past, now boxes for security are installed
36. city planning aims to improve the traffic circulation
37. remove the graffiti and stickers
38. bins shoule be well arranged
39. all furniture in the street must be durable
40. introduction of regulation and legal requirement

阅读部分

▋PASSAGE 1 Thomas young托马斯杨
参考原文及答案：
A Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classicists) and substantial essays on“Bridge, ” “Chromatics, ” “Egypt,” “Languages”and“Tides”.  Was someone who could write authoritatively about so many subjects a polymath, a genius or a dilettante?In an ambitious new biography,  Andrew Robinson argues  that Young is a good contender for the epitaph“the last man who knew everything.” Young has competition, however, the phrase, which Robinson takes for his title. also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren’s 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlen's 2004 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680) , another polymath.
 
B Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Young explained the process of accommodation in the human eye-on how the eye focuses properly on objects at varying distances. Young hypothesized that this was achieved by deformation of the crystalline lens. Young also theorized that light traveled in waves and he believed that, to account for the ability to see in color, there must be three receptors in the eye corresponding to the three“principal colors”to which the retina could respond: red, green, violet. All these hypothesis were subsequently proved to be correct.
 
C Later in his life, when he was in his forties, Young was instrumental in cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, a tablet that was “found” in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone contains text in three alphabets: Greek, something unrecognizable and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The unrecognizable script is now known as demotic and, as Young deduced, is related directly to hieroglyphic. His initial work on this appeared in his Britannica entry on Egypt. In another entry, he coined the term Indo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India. These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who,unlike many remarkable children, did not disappear into oblivion as an adult.
 
D Born in 1773 in Somerset in England. Young lived from an early age with his maternal grandfather, eventually leaving to attend boarding school. He had devoured books from the age of two, and through his own initiative he excelled at Latin, Greek, mathematics and natural philosophy. After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by his mother’s uncle, Richard Brocklesby, a  physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesby’s lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London, following the medical circuit, and then moved on to more formal education in Edinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. After completing his medical training at the University of Cambridge in 1808,Young set up practice as a physician in London. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a few years later was appointed physician at St. George’s Hospital.
 
E Young’s skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. Earlier, in 1801, he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. These were published in two volumes in 1807. In 1804 Young had become secretary to the Royal Society,a post he would hold until his death. His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London and methods of ship construction. From 1819 he was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude. From 1824 to 1829 he was physician to and inspector of calculations for the Palladian Insurance Company. Between 1816 and 1825 he contributed his many and various entries to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous books, essays and papers.
 
F Young is a perfect subject for a biography-perfect, but daunting.Robinson’s aim is to introduce non-scientists to Young’s work and life.He succeeds, providing clear expositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptian hieroglyphs) and peppering bland narratives of professional disputes with, for instance, asides about visiting Erasmus Darwin or having dinner with Lord Elgin. The story Robinson tells relies on a model of science in which there were clear winners and losers. This might have been tempered by a more reflexive analysis about Young’s sense of his own ambitions and achievements.Some readers of this book will, like Robinson, find Young's accomplishments impressive, others will see him as some historians have-as a dilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book, readers will not end up knowing Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society,attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition,he was an accomplished horseman. However, his personal life looks pale next to his vibrant career and studies.
 
G Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson, “their marriage was a happy one and she appreciated his work. ”Almost all we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes about optics and that she worried about money when his medical career was slow to take off. Very little evidence survives about the complexities of Young’s relationships with his mother and father.Robinson does not credit them, or anyone else, with shaping Young’s extraordinary mind. Despite the lack of details concerning Young’s relationships, however, anyone interested in what it means to be a genius should read this book.

1-5：TRUE、FALSE、FALSE、NOT GIVEN、TRUE
       6-10：TRUE、NOT GIVEN、46、human eye、Indo-European
       11-13：Richard、Royal Institution、gas lighting

 ▋PASSAGE 2 儿童食品广告
       参考原文及答案：
       A Children’s food promotion is dominated by television advertising,and the great majority of this promotes the so-called “Big Four” of pre-sugared breakfast cereals,soft-drinks, confectionary and savoury snacks snacks.In the last ten years advertising for fast food outlets has rapidly increased.There is some evidence that the dominance of television has recently begun to wane.The importance of strong,global branding reinforces a need for multi-faceted communications combing television with merchandising, “tie-ins” and point of sate activity.The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors,and themes of fun and fantasy or taste,rather than health and nutrition,are used to promote it to children.Meanwhile,the recommended diet gets little promotional support.

B There is plenty of evidence that children notice and enjoy food promotion. However,establishing this actually influences them is a complex problem.The review tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food,their food preferences, their actual food behaviour (both buying and eating),an health outcomes (eg. obesity or cholesterol levels) In terms of nutritional knowledge,food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge.For example,seeing soft drink and cereal adverts reduced primary aged children’s ability to determine correctly whether or not certain products contained real fruit.

C The review also found evidence that food promotion influences children’s food preferences and their purchase behavior.A study of primary school children,for instance,found that exposure to advertising influenced which foods they claimed to like;and another showed that labelling and signage on a vending machine had an effect on what was bought by secondary school pupils.A number of studies have also shown that food advertising can influence what children eat.One,for example,showed that advertising influenced a primary class ‘s choice of daily snack playtime.

D The next step,of trying to establish whether or not a link exists between food promotion and diet or obesity,is extremely difficult as it requires research to be done in real world settings.A number of studies have attempted this by using amount of television as proxy for exposure to television advertising - they have established a clear link between television viewing and diet obesity,and cholesterol levels. It impossible to say,however,whether this effect is caused by the advertising,the sedentary nature of television viewing or snacking that might take place whilst viewing.One study resolved this problem by taking a detailed diary of children’s viewing habits.This showed that the more food adverts they saw,the more snacks and calories they consumed.

E Thus the literature does suggest food promotion is influencing children’s diet a number of ways.This does not amount to proof,as noted above with this kind of research,incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable.Nor do all studies to this conclusion;several have not found an effect. In addition,very few studies have attempted to measure ho strong these effects are relative to other factors influencing children’s food choices.Nonetheless,many studies have found dear effects and they have used sophisticated methodologies that make it possible to determine that i) these effects are not just due to chance;ii)  they are independent of other factors that may influence diet,such as parents’ eating habits or attitudes; and iii) they occur at a brand and category level.

F furthermore,two factors suggest that these findings actually downplay the effect that food promotion has on children. First, the literature focuses principally on television advertising;the cumulative effect of this combined with other forms of promotion and marketing is likely to be significantly greater.Second,the studies have looked at direct effects on individual children,and understate indirect influences.For example,promotion for fast food outlets may not only influence the child,but also encourage parents to take them for meals and reinforce the idea that this is a normal and desirable behaviour.

G This does not amount to proof of an effect,but in our view does provide sufficient evidence to conclude that an effect exists.The debate should now shift to what action is needed,and specifically to how the power of commercial marketing can be used to bring about improvements in young people’s eating.

        1-7：viii、ii、vi、v、i、x、iii
        8-13：NO、NO、YES、NOT GIVEN、YES、NOT GIVEN

 ▋PASSAGE 3 Decision决策
       参考原文及答案：
       A widely recognised legend tells us that in Gordium (in what is now Turkey) in the fourth century BC an oxcart was roped to a pole with a complex knot. It was said that the first person to untie it would become the king of Asia. Unfortunately, the knot proved impossible to untie. The story continues that when confronted with this problem, rather than deliberating on how to untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, the famous ruler of the Greeks in the ancient world, simply took out his sword and cut it in two - then went on to conquer Asia. Ever since, the notion of a ‘Gordian solution’ has referred to the attractiveness of a simple answer to an otherwise intractable problem.

Among researchers in the psychology of decision making, however, such solutions have traditionally held little appeal. In particular, the ‘conflict model’ of decision making proposed by psychologists Irving Janis and Leon Mann in their 1977 book, Decision Making, argued that a complex decision making process is essential for guarding individuals and groups from the peril of ‘group-think’. Decisions made without thorough canvassing, surveying, weighing, examining and reexamining relevant information and options would be suboptimal and often disastrous. One foreign affairs decision made by a well-known US political leader in the 1960s is typically held us as an example of the perils of inadequate thought, whereas his successful handling of a later crisis is cited as an example of the advantages of careful deliberation. However, examination of these historical events by Peter Suedfield, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia, and Roderick Kramer, a psychologist at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, found little difference in the two decision-making processes; both crises required and received complex consideration by the political administration, but later only the second one was deemed to be the effective.

In general, however, organizational and political science offer little evidence that complex decisions fare better than simpler ones. In fact, a growing body of work suggests that in many situations simple ‘snap’ decisions will be routinely superior to more complex ones - an idea that gained widespread public appeal with Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling book Blink (2005).

An article by Ap Dijksterhuis of the University of Amsterdam and his colleagues, ‘On Making the Right Choice: the Deliberation-without-attention Effect’, runs very much in the spirit of Gladwell’s influential text. Its core argument is that to be effective, conscious (deliberative) decision making requires cognitive resources. Because increasingly complex decisions place increasing strain on those resources, the quality of our decisions declines as their complexity increases. In short, complex decisions overrun our cognitive powers. On the other hand, unconscious decision making (what the author refer to as ‘deliberation without attention’) requires no cognitive resources, so task complexity does not degrade effectiveness. The seemingly counterintuitive conclusion is that although conscious thought enhances simple decisions, the opposite holds true for more complex decisions.

Dijksterhuis reports four simple but elegant studies supporting this argument. In one, participants assessed the quality of four hypothetical cars by considering either four attributes (a simple task) or 12 attributes (a complex task). Among participants who considered four attributes, those who were allowed to engage in undistracted deliberative thought did better at discriminating between the best and worst cars. Those who were distracted and thus unable to deliberate had to rely on their unconscious thinking and did less well. The opposite pattern emerged when people considered 12 criteria. In this case, conscious deliberation led to inferior discrimination and poor decisions.

In other study, Dijksterhuis surveyed people shopping for clothes (‘simple’ products) and furniture (‘complex’ products). Compared with those who said they had deliberated long and hard, shoppers who bought with little conscious deliberation felt less happy with their simple clothing purchase but happier with the complex furniture purchases. Deliberation without attention actually produced better results as the decisions became more complex.

From there, however, the researchers take a big leap. They write: There is no reason to assume that the deliberation-without-attention effect does not generalize to other types of choices - political, managerial or otherwise. In such cases, it should benefit the individual to think consciously about simple matters and to delegate thinking about more complicated matters to the unconscious.

This radical inference contradicts standard political and managerial theory but doubtless comforts those in politics and management who always find the simple solution to the complex problem an attractive proposition. Indeed, one suspects many of our political leaders already embrace this wisdom.

Still it is there, in the realms of society and its governance, that the more problematic implications of deliberation without attention begin to surface. Variables that can be neatly circumscribed in decisions about shopping lose clarity in a world of group dynamics, social interaction, history and politics. Two pertinent questions arise. First, what counts as a complex decision? And second, what counts as a good outcome?

As social psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890 - 1947) noted, a ‘good’ decision that nobody respects is actually bad. His classic studies of decision making showed that participating in deliberative processes makes people more likely to abide by the results. The issue here is that when political decision makers make mistakes, it is their politics, or the relation between their politics and our own, rather than psychology which is at fault.

Gladwell’s book and Dijksterhuis’s paper are invaluable in pointing out the limitations of the conventional wisdom that decision quality rises with decision-making complexity. But this work still tempts us to believe that decision making is simply a matter of psychology, rather than also a question of politics, ideology and group membership. Avoiding social considerations in a search for general appeal can take us away from enlightenment rather than toward it.

       27-31：B、B、C、B、D
       32-35：A、D、G、B
       36-40：NO、NOT GIVEN、NOT GIVEN、YES、NOT GIVEN

       写作部分

       小作文：地图题，一个乡村的变化

大作文：青少年犯罪减少的最佳方式是父母的教育能力提高
The best way to crime committed by young adults is to teach parents parenting skills. To what extent do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.