词是文章最基本的单位,恰如棋盘上的棋子,善用者可以达到以卒制帅的局面,使普通词也能发挥出意想不到的效果。因此,要学会聪明地使用每一个知道的词。下面,新通外语吴庆和老师将教大家如何用好词。
雅思写作评分标准中有一项LR(lexical resource),也就是词汇范围或是词汇量。这一项不是考察考生能用多少高难度词,而是考察用词的准确性和多样性。
用词有两个境界:(1)准确达意、符合语境;(2)多样性。多样性包括词性的多样,同义词的多样及难易程度的多样。因此,我们没有必要害怕自己大词或高难度词寥寥无几而丢分,能做到用词多样同样可以给你挣得高分。
(一)多样用词——词之转
以下就一篇8分文章的片段来看看用词(本片段选自2005年英国大使馆雅思考试样题实考文章):
Almost every country has its traditional costumes and dresses. Some are comfortable and some are difficult to handle. By comfortable I mean a dress being comfortable enough to be worn daily for your routine work. If we take the example of Pakistan’s traditional dress salwar-kameez, one can see that although it is a very comfortable night suit, wearing it for your office work, travelling on a motorbike, or a laborer working on a construction site, it gets quite uncomfortable and dangerous.
Becouse of its design, salwar-kameez can obstruct various errands like cycling, hiking and especially after travelling, the dress becomes quite messed up and untidy. If you compare this to regular pants and T-shirts, I believe they are the best piece of clothing to be worn for many different purposes.
分析:
上面是一位考生文章的主体段,可以说是最重要的一段,但读完以后你很难发现有任何所谓“大词”或者“重量级的词”。要非得找点“大词”的话,“handle(处理,对付)”、“ routine work(日常工作)”、“. messed up and untidy(乱糟糟)”、“obstruct various errands(碍事) ”或许就是吧。
作者在用词上很“节俭”,一个comfortable备用了好几次,先是1Some are comfortable,然后是2By comfortable I mean,接着是3being comfortable enough,随后是4although it is a very comfortable night suit,再到后来变成了5gets quite uncomfortable。你可以说作者词汇匮乏,也可以说他或她善用资源,但不管怎样人家得到了8分,我在这里借用中国伟人的话,“不管黑猫白猫,逮到老鼠就是好猫”。
其实,仔细再一分析,发现这个comfortable的功能是多变的,1是作be动词的表语,5是变成否定义后作get的表语,2是在形式上作介词by的宾语,3是变成了分词结构,4是作定语或是修饰语。
那么,如何才能玩转英文单词呢?我们不妨从认识词汇开始。词从词性上主要分为动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词,连词,代词,还有动名词(由动词加ing变来,兼有动词和名词 的性质)。英语中同一个词往往具有好几种词性,在句子中充当不同的作用,体现着不同的含义。不管怎样,我们必清楚词的功能是不同的:
1. 名词和动名词——主要充当主语、宾语、表语、定语
Company uniforms help to promote sense of teamwork.
翻译:公司的制服有助于加强团队意识。(company充当定语,即修饰语,uniforms是句子的主语。)
Learning a foreign language is of great significance to children.
翻译:学习一门外语对孩子们是非常重要的。(learning a foreign language 动名词结构做主语,而a foreign language在逻辑上有充当learning的宾语。)
注意:相当多的考生会写成Learn a foreign language is very important.动词原形是不能作主语的,当然,可以用动词不定式做主语:To learn a foreign language is very important.
From the chart, we can see that the greatest change is teachers’ salary.从图中我们可以看出最大的变化是教师工资。(teachers’ salary充当is 后的表语。)
2.动词——主要充当谓语
动词分为情态动词(不能单独作谓语)、be 动词、联系动词、实义动词(分为及物和不及物)。
注意:情态动词接动词原形,be 动词接名词、动名词、形容词及分词,及物动词接宾语,不及物动词不能接宾语。
Traveling can help broaden our horizon.
翻译:旅游可以开阔我们的视野。(can与help组合充当谓语,help后接动词broaden,省略to)
In my country, some private companies have successfully implemented a uniform policy。
翻译:在我们国家,有些私营公司已经成功地实行了制服制度。(现在完成时标志词have与implemented共同构成谓语)
I think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems.
翻译:从长远看来,我认为要减少交通和污染问题,就得教育公众多使用公共交通工具,同时政府得把公共资金花在建设以及运作高效的体系上。(在此句中,depend是不及物动词,所以得借助介词on才能接宾语。)
3. 形容词——主要充当定语及表语
It might sound awkward that employees must wear a company uniform.
翻译:员工必须穿制服或许听起来有点别扭。(形容词awkward放在系动词sound后面作表语)
A foreign language is an important tool in a person’s career development.
翻译:外语是一个人事业发展中的一件重要工具。(important修饰名词tool)。
注意:在表达“越来越……”时,an increasing number of people 中的increasing应经演化成了形容词,来修饰后面的名词number;而在Mobile phones are becoming increasingly important in our daily life中,只能用副词increasingly来修饰后面的形容词。
4. 副词——充当状语或修饰动词与形容词
Nuclear power is highly effective.
翻译:核能是高效的。(highly修饰形容词effective)
We must carefully develop the use of nuclear power.
翻译:我们必须谨慎地开发核能。(carefully修饰动词develop)
5. 介词——后接名词、代词、动名词及名词性从句
We should make joint efforts to cope with this problem.
翻译:我们必须共同努力来解决这个问题。(cope不及物动词,后面必须加上介词with才能接宾语)
As for teenagers, travel is beneficial to developing a sense of independence.
翻译:对于青少年来说,旅行可以培养独立意识。(词短语中的to是介词,后面的动词要变成动名词。)
There is a heated debate on whether we should send children to study abroad.
翻译:人们激烈讨论该不该送孩子出国求学。(介词on 后面接名词性从句whether we should send children to study abroad作宾语)
注意:介词是极其容易出错的。所以,在记忆和使用短语搭配时,一定要做个有心人,务必做到100%正确,不能凭感觉。
6. 连词——连接句子或名词、代词
Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
翻译:你是否能通过考试就看你有多用功了。(连词whether引导名词性从句充当主语)
I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris.
翻译:在巴黎度假时我偶然间学会几个法语单词。(while 引导时间状语)
Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
翻译:尽管当时他很虚弱,他还是尽力工作。
认识了词汇基本情况后,现在我们来看一下到底怎么才能让词汇转起来。很明显,词本身是不能转的,能转的只有是作者的大脑。所以,在写作过程中,我们应该以积极地态度应对词的选择与变换。请看下面文字,体会一下词汇之转:
As shown in the pie chart, $200 is spent on rent and food each week, taking up one third of the total expenditure. Next come the school fees, consuming $180, less than the first by $20 a week. When it comes to the fees on underground, we find that one fifth of the money is allocated to it, which is $120.
In terms of study materials, only $50 is given to this aspect, accounting for one twelfth of the weekly expense. The rest of the money goes to entertainment and clothes, which are $10 and $40 respectively.
分析:
以上是A类作文Task1的一个主体段,描述的是某学校学生平均每周的开销状况。面对这样的题材,必然要解决一个动词问题——花费。在英语里表示“花费”的词有不少:take, cost spend, consume(更侧重于“消耗,消费”),lay out, invest。
在上面的文字里,作者对此词采用了7种处理办法,分别用了:被动结构is spent on,is allocated to,is given to,主动结构goes to,非谓语结构taking up ,consuming,到最后直接用be动词are。另外,在表达各部分所占比例时,作者用了taking up, accounting for ,和直接法,即one fifth of the money is allocated to it。
不管你感觉如何,以上这段文字写得相当有技巧。作者把“花费、开销”玩得团团转。要想玩转词汇,最常用的办法就是使用同义词进行不断地变换,灵活地利用词的不同词性来表达按不同的含义。 但不管怎样,大家永远不要忘记:要保证准确,其它都是浮云。
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