托福听力lecture直线型分析

   之前我们介绍了lecture的直线型结构，一般是指按照时间推移、地点变化或者人物的出场为顺序讲述某一个主题。我们在听的时候一般表示时间、地点和人物的词汇是比较好识别的，所以这类的结构层次是比较好分的一种。我们也分析了一篇按时间顺序分层的一篇文章

　　今天我们以另一篇TPO12-L3为例，给大家讲解一下。

　　这篇文章也是一片直线型的结构，但是是按照地点的顺序描述主题。

　　首先，文章一开始说道Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost a thousand years before it became commercial as a venture.也就是说Opera最早是在意大利。后面又说到And during those years, several things happened, primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.具体讲到了在意大利的两方面变化linguistic or thematic语言方面和主题方面。

　　And so in what is now Italy, operas quit being presented in Latin and started being presented in Italian.

　　And opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire and about expressing the ideas of society or government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution, or what have you.

　　后面具体讲到了语言方面和主题方面的变化。

　　这是一开始在意大利的主要内容，之后非常明显有一句话承上启下表示地点的转移：Now what happened in the following century is very simple. Opera originated in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than Italians were. And so as Italians migrated across Europe, they carried theater with them and opera specifically because it was an Italian form.

　　讲到Opera起源于意大利但并不限制在意大利。What happened is that the major divide in opera that endures today took place. The French said opera ought to reflect the rhythm and cadence of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was secondary,之后明显地点转移到法国，并且根据首句原则我们找到主题句The French said opera ought to reflect the rhythm and cadence of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was secondary。

　　之后地点转移也非常明显The English appropriated opera after the French. Opera came late to England because all theaters, public theaters were closed, of course, during their civil war. And it wasn’t until the restoration in 1660 that public theaters again opened and opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera and exported what they had done to opera back to Italy. Opera在英国发展的两个特点：一是因为内战较晚进入英国，二是对Opera进行了一系列的改造并且把Opera传回意大利。

　　最终又简短讲到了美国的情况It came to America late and was considered too elitist for the general public. But Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while.

　　所以这一篇文章还是按照我们所说的直线型描述歌剧的发展。