托福阅读常见词汇之生态学类

以下是托福阅读生态学类文章常见词汇及例句。
　　1. formation 形成，构成
　　This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group.
　　2. tropical 热带的，炎热的
　　Tropical rainforests have the most varied assemblage of plants in the world.
　　3. savannas 亚热带大草原
　　It could be a savanna blazing star, but any savannas here, so it couldn't be that.
　　4. altitude 海拔高度，维度
　　What is the altitude of the top of the mountain?
　　5. stable 稳定的，持久的
　　The prices of the commodities are quite stable this year.
　　6. ecosystem 生态系统
　　We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.
　　7. grassland 草原，牧场，草地
　　Animal husbandry on the grassland is developing rapidly.
　　8. scatter 散布，分散
　　Scatter the grass seed over the lawn.
　　9. shrub 灌木
　　This is the Asiatic ornamental shrub with spiny branches and pink or red blossoms.
　　10. species 物种，种类
　　the evolution of the human species.
　　11. withstand 经受，承受
　　The materials used have to be able to withstand high temperatures.
　　12. plenty 丰富的，大量的，充足的
　　Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses.
　　13. prevail 流行，盛行
　　Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba.

14. coastal 临海的，海岸的，沿海的
　　Of course, no country has the privilege of fishing in our coastal water.
　　15. definition 定义，界定
　　In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.
　　16. acidity 酸性，酸度
　　Acidity in soil can be neutralized by spreading lime on it.
　　17. waterlogged 水浸的，水淹的
　　The baseball field was waterlogged so the match had to be cancelled.
　　18. contradictory 矛盾的，对立的，反驳的
　　This may seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas.
　　19. moderate 稳健的，温和的，适度的
　　More moderate conditions support moist forests.
　　20. drainage 排水，放水，排水系统
　　Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage
　　21. water-saturated 水饱和的
　　These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated.
　　22. porous 能渗透的，多孔的
　　Dry soils are sandy and porous.
　　23. penetrate 渗入，穿透
　　The sun's rays can penetrate water up to 10 feet.
　　24. mild 温和的，温暖的
　　Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so.
　　25. diversity 多样化，多样性
　　Social anthropology is centrally concerned with the diversity of culture.
　　26. charcoal 木炭
　　Ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn.

27. perennial 终年的，长久的，不断生长的
　　A few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate.
　　28. density 密度，浓度
　　Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density.
　　29. pastureland 牧场，草地
　　On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland.
　　30. overgraze 过度放牧
　　Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna.
　　31. decomposition 分解，腐烂
　　Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots.
　　32. vegetation 植物，植被
　　Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation.
　　33. susceptible 易受影响的，易受感染的
　　alteration 变化，改变，变更
　　Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.

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