看我七十二变——托福阅读句子改写题

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	姓名：潘玉兰   电话：0755-83985740 电子邮箱：Jessicapan@shinyway 所在地点：广东省深圳市深南中路中核大厦购书中心6楼 擅长科目：托福

对于大多数准备托福考试的“托儿”们来说，托福阅读最难的一部分当属句子理解。也许很多学生会认为单词才是最难的，可是单词实际上是个很单纯的孩子，相反，托福阅读中的长难句才是比较复杂的主儿，因为弄懂这些复杂句子是需要一定的技巧和方法的。今天，笔者就带着小伙伴们一起来探讨一下“那些年让我们头痛的句子改写题”。

在开始分析方法之前让我们来回顾一下句子改写题的这么多年永远厮守在那里的始终如一的题目：

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

从上面这个题目其实我们可以得出如下信息：我们的正确选项必须要包含原句中的essential information，也就是必要信息，也就是正确选项必须不能改变重要信息或省掉重要信息。那么，何谓题干中所谓的重要信息呢?答曰：第一，逻辑关系;第二，原句主谓宾所表达的主要信息。而我们做题的主要步骤也就是先通读原句、寻找逻辑，如果没有显性的逻辑词我们就来看句子的主谓宾也就是句子的主干，最后再对应原句验证得出正确答案。

首先，带着小伙伴们来看一看如何通过逻辑关系来做题。由于句子改写题改写的内容只是简化意思但是并不能改变逻辑关系，同时，弄懂逻辑关系有助于我们对于句子的重心进行很好的把握，所以要想做对这种题我们一定要清楚的知道这种题常考的逻辑关系有哪些。句子改写题常考逻辑关系有：因果、转折、并列、比较、否定、递进。同时不要忘了句子中经常出现的举例子的成分多为补充说明的次要信息，大部分为like，including，for example, for instance 后所引导的信息。我们可以看一下如下出自TPO4第一篇Deer Populations of the Puget Sound 中的句子改写题。

Paragraph 5: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

仔细分析原句我们不难发现原文中的逻辑词汇In addition to, 是除了…之外的意思，同时还有一个like引导的例子是起到补充信息的作用，所以在理解句子中可以先不予不理会，此外句子中还有一个插入语，longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,也是起到补充说明的作用，也可以先不用理会。笔者在授课过程中喜欢给学生举下面这个例子：除了小明之外，Tom也喜欢游泳，试问这个句子中重点想要说谁，几乎所有的学生都知道是要说Tom，所以本句中主要想要说的也是介词短语in addition to 后面的Arthur Einarsen found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. Arthur Einarsen发现在空旷地区的高质量的嫩叶大部分都是很有营养的正确选项B中表达的信息就为这个句子的内容：Arthur Einarsen发现被采伐后的觅食区可以提供给鹿更多更好的事物。

接下来探讨一下当没有显性的逻辑关系词时我们该如何做句子改写题。例如我们可以看一下下面这一道出自TPO4第三篇Petroleum Resources的题：

Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.

○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.

○Increased pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.

○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.

这道题原句的题干中出现了一个插入语，我们都知道插入语的作用是起到解释说明和补充说明的作用，所以插入语内容为可有可无的信息，前面一个句子的主语是Continued sedimentation(持续的沉淀)，谓语为bury和subject，宾语为the organic matter 和 it，所以前半句主要意思是是说持续的沉积将有机物埋在海底并且使之受到海底温度、高压的影响;后半句为一个非限制性定语从句，主语为which指代前面一句这个过程，谓语为convert，宾语为 the organic matter, 后半句想要表达的意思是前面这个过程将有机物转变成油和气体。这道题的正确选项为第三个选项。第三个选项的主语为Increased pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment，谓语为turn，宾语为the organic remains，所以本句想表明的意思为来自沉淀物的不断增加的压力和热量使得有机物成为石油。小伙伴们将两个句子进行比较会惊喜的发现这两个句子其实表达的是一个意思。

所以对于阅读理解很迷茫的小伙伴们可以从上面说到的两点来准备和提高自己的句子改写题的做题能力，同时在下面不妨多做一些阅读的精读练习，因为正确理解句子不仅对于句子改写题很重要，对于托福阅读中的其他题也是至关重要的。

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