托福TPO40阅读真题解析：Passage 3

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首写字母，就是托福在线练习的意思，TPO可以为考生提供全真的模拟考试环境和过往真题，而TPO题库也是有着不断的更新。在托福阅读的备考过程中，除了大量的阅读之外，全面了解托福阅读的题型和解题方法也都是非常重要的环节。而对于很多备考托福的学生来说，TPO往往就是一个首先的备考材料。今天，小编就为大家带来托福TPO40阅读真题解析：Passage 3。

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Amphibian Thermoregulation

paragraph 1
In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.

1. According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature? 【事实信息题】
A. Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.
B. Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.
C. The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.
D. The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.
答案：C

解析：根据原文which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature.可知两栖动物可以调节自身温度，使其与周围环境温度不同。其中independent of 对应C选项中的differs from, 所以C选项正确。

paragraph 2
Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions)

2.Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?【修辞目的题】
A. To make the point that an amphibian’s temperature tolerance depends on a number of factors
B. To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibians
C. To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newt
D. To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted
答案：D

解析：根据South American frog 定位至文章第二段第三句话，One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C. 可知一种北美蝾螈在气温降至零下2度时依然活跃，当一种南美青蛙在气温升至41度时依然觉得舒适。所以D选项正确，来阐明一个两栖动物可以适应的环境条件变化范围。

3. According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing? 【事实信息题】
A. Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6°C.
B. They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time.
C. Their tolerance boundaries are flexible
D. Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.
答案：D

解析：根据原文The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose.可知这些生物身体中的其他组织含有可以抵御寒冷的物质。其中the frost-protective agents对应D选项中的prevent freezing. 所以D选项正确。

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paragraph 3
Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).

4. “Phyllomedusa sauvager ” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation that 【修辞目的题】
A. protects its glandular system
B. helps reduce its secretions
C. increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflect
D. modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sun
答案：D

解析：根据原文The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).可知D选项为同义替换，改变自己的皮肤结构来使其避免脱水干燥。其中prevent desiccation对应D选项中的protect against the drying effects of the sun, 所以D选项正确。

paragraph 4
However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10°C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.

5. Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulation EXCEPT 【否定事实信息题】
A. pressing against the ground
B. speeding up of the metabolism
C. reducing activity during the summer
D. adjusting exposure to the sun
答案：B

解析：原文although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin对应A选项。
原文reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively对应C选项。
原文which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating对应D选项。
只有B选项未被提及，所以选择B选项。

6. The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus” illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications? 【事实信息题】
A. Heliothermy and thigmothermy
B. Diurnal avoidance behavior
C. Absorbing heat from the air
D. Moving to shelter during the summer
答案：A

解析：根据原文The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy). 可知Andean toad Bufo spinulosus指的就是Heliothermy和thigmothermy. 所以选项A正确。

7. The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A. raises
B. lowers
C. reaches
D. regulates
答案：C

解析：attains, 达到，获得，实现。
Raises, 提高，养育，筹集。Lowers, 减弱，降低。Reaches, 达到，延伸。Regulates, 调节，规定。所以C选项正确。

8. The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers to 【指代题】
A gradually increasing body temperature by 10°C
B. basking as soon as the sun comes up
C. waiting for the ground and air to warm
D. keeping body temperature above the temperature of the air
答案：B

解析：根据原文The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means,可知稍后提到的this approach这种方法，指的就是当太阳升起时将其暴露在太阳下，所以B选项正确。

paragraph 5
Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.

9. According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians? 【事实信息题】
A. Amphibians’ habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.
B. Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.
C. Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures.
D. Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.
答案：C

解析：根据avoidance behavior定位至第三句话，根据后面的内容Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.可知两栖动物缺少足够的生理适应性来调节周围的温度，所以C选项正确。

10. The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【词汇题】
A. arriving
B. originating
C. evolving
D. living
答案：D

解析：dwelling, 居住，存在于。
Arriving, 到达。Originating, 发源。Evolving, 发展，进化。Living, 居住，生存。所以D选项正确。

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paragraph 6
In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than exercise some control over their body temperature.

11. In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack? 【推理题】
A. Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.
B. Desiccation is not a threat to amphibians
C. Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climate
D. Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall
答案：C

解析：根据关键词natterjack定位至第一句话，根据后面的内容Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature.可知，对于黄条蟾蜍来讲，冬眠和夏眠都可依据气候调节来充当回避行为。其中avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature对应C选项中的depending on the climate, 所以C选项正确。

12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子简化题】
A. Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperature
B. Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.
C. Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.
D. Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature
答案：B

解析：highlighted句子大意为，两栖动物基本很少处于一个周围有良好温度的环境中，他们可以通过锻炼控制自己的体温来存活，所以只有B选项符合句子大意。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入题】
On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures measured to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. [■] Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. [■] The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. [■] Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).[■]
答案：C

解析：待插入句子意为，另一方面，在特别热的气候中，两栖动物用来自粘液腺的分泌物通过在皮肤上蒸发冷却来降低他们的温度。并且后一句话中的additionally为递进关系，所以只有C选项符合语境，所以C选项正确。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points. 【概要小结题】
Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.
A number of factors may help account for the difference in biodiversity between low and high latitudes.
Answer Choices
A. Frogs, which survive temperature ranges from as low as -2°C to as high as 41°C, are evidence that amphibians are independent of ambient temperatures
B. Amphibians can increase their body temperature by exposing themselves to the sun (heliothermy) and by pressing against the ground (thigmothermy).
C. Avoidance behaviors, such as sheltering from the sun, as well as estivation and hibernation，help amphibians control their body temperature.
D. Physical adaptations offer amphibians a number of ways to protect against extreme or dangerous climate conditions.
E. Sunrise is the time when some amphibian species have the greatest need for thermoregulatory mechanisms.
F. Hibernation always involves digging deep holes in mud or sand, whereas estivation sometimes involves nothing more than hiding in deep rock crevasses.
答案：B, C, D

解析：根据原文One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. 可知蝾螈保持活跃的最低温度是零下2度，青蛙保持活跃的最高温度是零上41度。所以A选项错误。
根据原文The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means. 其中exposes itself immediately after sunrise对应B选项中的exposing themselves to the sun.
和原文Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose. 所以B选正确。
根据原文and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating, 对应C选项。
根据原文Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. 其中extreme conditions对应D选项中的extreme or dangerous climate conditions.
根据原文Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance.所以E选项错误，体温调节的最佳时间并非是日出之后，而是夜间。
根据原文Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. 所以F选项错误，因为夏眠也是需要挖地洞或者藏在石头裂缝中。

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