TPO47综合写作洪荒力作

恐龙好像是每个男孩子儿时特定阶段内特别宠爱的玩偶佳物，很多男孩子喜欢恐龙（dinosaur）如同很多软妹子喜欢芭比娃娃（Barbie）一样，那么儿时那么喜欢恐龙的你长大了之后考托福有多少跟恐龙相关的背景知识和学科词汇呢？今天笔者就用尽洪荒之力来拓展一些相关学科知识和学术词汇。

阅读文本重点词汇洪荒之力解读：

事实上，恐龙可以分为2目7亚目57科800余种（惊恐状。。。），首先我们可以把恐龙整体成为ancient reptile远古爬行动物，恐龙基本分为两个大目：蜥龙目（saurischia）和鸟龙目（ornithischia），之下的7个亚目就不展开讲解了，笔者只是一枚英语专业的脑思，再往下说恐怕无法明哲保身（苦笑脸。。。），大家如果看兴趣可以联系一下美国男星--大卫修蒙（David Lawrence Schwimmer）给尔等科普恐龙知识，因为他在当年的成名美剧：老友记Friends（六人行）里饰演的Rose罗斯就是一名古生物学家（paleontologist），额。。。好吧，脑洞好大开始意识流了。。。好了，言归正传再使用洪荒之力拓展几个恐龙类别的单词，作为一个非专业人事（无奈脸。。。）我们可以武断的把恐龙分为：地上跑、天上飞的、水里游的，那么我们可以粗暴简单的把恐龙称之为dinosaur恐龙、pterosaur翼龙、ichthyosaur鱼龙。这些ancient reptile呢就成为了现今vertebrate脊椎动物的始祖源，脊椎动物呢就是有脊椎（spine）的物种的统称，脊椎动物基本可以分为四类：Mammal哺乳类、birds鸟类、reptile爬行类和fish鱼类。瞎掰到这里，笔者已经用完了洪荒之力把综合写作中的几个较难的词汇串联完啦，一定要说还有什么生词吗？还有一个就是metabolism新陈代谢，经常和metabolism搭配使用的有fat metabolism脂肪代谢、lipid metabolism类脂类化合物代谢和energy metabolism能量代谢等习惯性表达。

阅读文本大意洪荒之力汇总：

在爆发洪荒之力汇总大意之前，我们先来看一下阅读文本，我把重点的阅读信息标红了，方便大家做快速阅读和理解。

Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.

Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.

Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.

Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.

从以上标红的内容大家不难理解阅读大意：翼龙是跟恐龙同期的有翅膀的古代爬行动物，通常体型巨大如长颈鹿大小展翅后可以达到12米。古生物学家就翼龙是否是动力飞行还是滑翔飞行有三点思考，基本上认为翼龙不太可能是动力飞行的。

1、翼龙作为冷血动物自身代谢慢无法供给足够的自动力去飞行。
2、翼龙体重大笨重不够轻盈，扇翅飞行不太可能支撑自己在空中停留。
3、通过对化石的分析，发现翼龙的后肢弱小，不太可能奔跑加速助飞。

听力文本洪荒之力听写分享：

Recent research has revealed that pterosaurs may in fact have been capable of powered flight.

First, the issue of pterosaur metabolism, some recently discovered pterosaur fossils indicate that pterosaurs had a dense hair like covering somewhat similar to fur. Hair or fur covering is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to maintain a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So if the metabolism of pterosaurs was more like that of a warm-blooded animals and so faster than the reading suggests, then it would have supply them with the energy needed for powered flight.

Second, the idea that large pterosaurs couldn’t use powered flight because they were too heavy, we now know that the pterosaurs have anatomical features that made them unusually light for their size. For example the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Hollow light weight bones would have kept the pterosaurs weight low despite their large body frames. The pterosaurs weight was probably low enough to allow them to keep themselves airborne by flapping their wings.

Third, take-off would indeed to be a problem to pterosaurs if they took off the way birds do. But there are important difference between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use their hind limbs—their legs for walking on the ground, so they only have two limbs to push off from when they are launch. But pterosaurs walked on all four limbs while on the ground. There are modern flying animals that walk on all four limbs, that’s for example and they use all four limbs to push off the ground not just the back ones. Studies indicate that even the largest pterosaurs would have no trouble to use all four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.

同样的,我把听力文本中的重点信息也标红了，大家不难理解听力反驳的大意：听力认为翼龙可以自动力飞行的。反驳原因有三：

1、翼龙化石中发现了类似现代恒温动物的毛发表皮，翼龙如果跟恒温动物一样有保温的代谢机体，它可以提供飞行的自动力。
2、从解刨学构造上看，翼龙的骨骼是中空的，自身重力很轻可以支撑它扇翅飞行。
3、翼龙跟鸟类很大的不同是鸟类只有后肢着地，翼龙可以用四肢助跑，四肢助跑的速度和动力可以保证它腾空飞行。

至此，笔者已经用尽洪荒之力给大家详解了TPO47阅读和听力的内容，请同学们也用尽洪荒之力来写作吧，新通教育提供免费的作文修改哦，详情请联系新通西安微信客服新美美（xinmeimeixian）哦！

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