TPO45综合写作精讲（附综写听力文本哦）

本次精讲的内容大概分为这么三个部分：1、对于阅读听力文本的精讲详细分析；2、对于理解会意后改写方式的详细讲解；3、对于如何组织写作的思路的详细分享。好了，引言先这么多了，我们来看看阅读和听力文本吧。

一、阅读文本和精讲：

1、阅读文本：

Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.

No Fossils of Actual Bees

First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.

Absence of Flowering Plants

A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.

Structures Lack Some Details

Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.

2、阅读精讲：

首先我把阅读中一些可能同学们认为比较难的单词标红了，我们先解释一下单词部分，在整体讨论一下文本内容。

Fossil化石
Fossilize 使（变成）化石
Resemble 相似
Skeptic 怀疑论者，无神论者（本文中的意思是怀疑论者）
Absence 缺少，缺失，缺席
Exclusively 唯一排他专有的
Mutually 互相的互助的
Dependent 依赖的，从属的（本文中出现的是mutually dependent互相以来的意思）
Association 关联，联合
Chamber 室，腔，房间，会所（本文中出现的是nest chamber蜂窝的意思）
Spiral 螺旋形的
Pattern 模式，图形（本文中出现的是spiral pattern螺旋模式）
Wood-boring beetles 钻木甲虫

在单词之后，接下来大体分析一下阅读文本的段落重点信息：

第一段：本段大体交代了一个背景是在美国西南部亚利桑那州一个2亿年的化石树里有一个类似蜂窝的化石结构存在，由此展开了关于2亿年前是否有蜜蜂的讨论。阅读持反对观点并给出了三个反对理由。

第二段：本段主要强调这个化石没有蜜蜂遗体而推断蜜蜂2亿年前不存在，而且提及了另外一个证据是最早的蜜蜂遗体的化石目前现存的是1亿年前。

第三段：本段主要强调在2亿年的时期里没有花卉植物存在而推断蜜蜂也不存在，给出的具体理由是蜜蜂和花卉植物是互相依存的排他互利关系，同时强调在1.25亿年前才有花卉植物，所以不太可能2亿年前有蜜蜂。

第四段：本段主要强调跟现在的蜂窝比，这个类似蜂窝的化石在结构上也是不一致的，具体说明了现代蜂窝是螺旋式的带有盖子的结构，而这个化石更可能像是钻木甲虫制造出来的结构。

二、听力文本和精讲：

1、听力文本：

目前市面上还没有新TPO40-48的综合写作听力文本，新通教育在新TPO的综合听力文本也算是行业首发，同学们在有了听力文本后可能更便于大家理解听力内容来组织写作。以下是新通教育陕西专属的听力文本，欢迎同学们精听使用。

It’s perfectly possible that the nests founded inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing.

First, it’s true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees cannot be preserved as fossil at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later, so the fact we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn’t mean that bees did not exist that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved.

Second, well it is true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today; it’s quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on earth. Those very early bees may have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could feed on non-flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees, later when flowering plants evolved，bees may have been adapted to feed on them and this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may even remain stable ever since.

Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there’s chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees build the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers against water by using a special water proofing substance that has a distinct chemical composition. When the fossil chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contained the same kind of water proofing material that used by modern bees.

Preserved 保存
Tree resin 树脂
Preceded 在。。。之前，领先
Ferns 蕨类植物
Pine trees 松树
Water proofing substance 防水物质
Chemical composition 化学合成物

在单词之后，我们来分析针对阅读观点，听力讲座在反驳观点上的重点细节信息是如何组织的。

第一段：提出了反驳的整体观点，听力中的观点认为这个化石完全有可能是2亿年前蜂蜜制造的并认为阅读的反对意见说服性不高。

第二段：听力中观点认为没有2亿年前的蜜蜂化石并不等于2亿年前没有蜜蜂存在。给出的解释是保存化石需要特别的树脂，2亿年前没有树脂让蜜蜂存留为化石，不一定是没有蜜蜂才没有蜜蜂化石，也可能是没有可以化石化的树脂。

第三段：听力中观点认为现在确实蜜蜂和花卉植物有互相唯一的依存关系，但是这也不能表明2亿年前没有蜜蜂。可能在花卉植物出现之前早期的蜜蜂并不依赖花卉植物存活，可能依靠如蕨类或者松树这样的非花卉植物存货。只是到了花卉植物出现后，蜜蜂依赖花卉的存活关系才形成并稳定了下来。

第四段：听力中观点虽然承认结构上没有螺旋盖，但是通过化学鉴定发现了蜜蜂特有的防水分泌物存在化石中，从而反驳了阅读中的不是蜜蜂蜂窝的说法。

三、写作解说

由于篇幅原因，这里汇总几点会意、写作组织上的重点信息给到大家，具体在写作上有问题的同学可以报读新通的长线托福小班或者VIP班，我们会详细告诉大家如何组织改写得到更高的写作分数。也欢迎同学们添加新美美的微信号来咨询。

A: Look up every single confusing word

对于困惑的单词一定要查询并学会认识和使用方法

B: Full comprehension over the contents of reading and listening

对于听力和阅读的内容要有完整全面的会意

C: Locate the key words and use the exactly same words in your writing

定位重点信息词并在写作里原词重现（注意仅限于原词重现）

D: Change the word order when you’re repeating the same key words

改写语序是一个最基本的方法（改写一种有8中方式，欢迎大家报读新通的托福VIP班和小班来全面学习掌握如何做好改写的技巧）

E: Always connect the reading and listening information in each paragraph

总是记住在每一段内去链接阅读和听力的观点（驳斥的关系细节是什么信息点）

F: A relatively same organization as the reading and listening passage is recommended

一般综合作文的格式可以参考对应的阅读和听力的文章结构（一般几个观点就分几段）

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