雅思写作：流程图与被动语态

在这里，为童鞋们总结了流程图写作的几个要点：
　　1. 找到流程图的过程，起点，终点。
　　2. 找到图上标出的已知动作，如果出现生词，尽量猜测。无词，用自己的语言。
　　3. 按照步骤，分段描述，千万不能省略任何一步。
　　4. 切记!加入流畅合理的表示顺序的关联词。
　　5. 句型以主动为主，搭配被动，以及主语从句(例如：It can be seen from the graph that…)。
　　6. 时态要使用一般现在时。
　　例文分析：
　　You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
　　The illustrations below show how chocolate is produced.
　　Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features.
　　Write at least 150 words.

这里为大家提供了一片范文:
　　The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.
　　(所有的小作文第一句话都要用一般现在时。流程图必备三个词：process整个过程;stage阶段;step步骤)

Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia.
　　(开头不能一上来就直接介绍cacao tree,而是通过主题词chocolate引出，否则显得太唐突)
　　流程图特点之一：介绍过程要使用一般现在时
　　流程图特点之二：大量使用定语从句，将有关联的两句话连接。
　　流程图特点之三：大量使用被动语态
　　The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans.
　　流程图特点之四：使用一些表示顺序的连接词

When the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.
　　(三个句子的并列：“句子A,句子B and 句子C”。)
　　During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.
　　流程图特点之五：要适当地添加个别图中没有交代但能从图片中直接读出来的一些内容，否则可能达不到字数要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千万不要加上自己的主观观点，否则会扣分。

Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.
　　After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed. This part is not needed for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.

流程图特点之六：可以不写总结
　　流程图重点词汇解析：
　　表述时间：
　　in 10 days
　　during the period of 10 days
　　The process lasts for up to 10 days
　　after 10 days
　　10 days passed until something happened.

表示然后：then, next, in the next state, following that, after that, the next step in the stage is ....
　　表示过程：process, procedure, formation, development
　　表示步骤：step, stage, phase
　　时间阶段：after a period of …months/days/minutes, during…
　　顺序连词：first, first of all, in the first stage, initially, to begin with
　　second, then, next, also
　　after that, at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile
　　prior to, until
　　the first stage involves … / in the second stage / in the third stage /
　　in the last stage / The next step in the stage is that…
　　目的连词：in order to / in order that; so as to / so that

在这里再为大家详解一下被动语态的知识点：
　　被动语态（Passive Voice）
　　1.The Active and Passive Voice
　　→The movie was seen by a lot of people. (被动)
　　2.Deforestation accelerates global warming.
　　→Global warming is accelerated by deforestation.
　　3.Teachers should teach their students to follow the school rules.
　　→Students should be taught to follow the school rules by their teachers.

何时使用呢？
　　1.与施动者相比行为或对象更重要的时候
　　a. Our environment should be protected. (by us)
　　b. Children should be taught (by their parents) to take responsibility for their actions.
　　2.施动者不确定或有意隐瞒的时候
　　a. Nobody is allowed (by hospital authorities) to use a mobile phone in the hospital.
　　b. Many soldiers were killed in the war (by other soldiers).
　　3. 进行客观叙述的时候
　　a. It was found in some research that children tend to imitate the parent who is the same sex.
　　b. The sample was collected from the water, and the number of games was counted.

但是也需要注意：
　　1.有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to 的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上。
　　e.g. let; make; have; help 和感官动词feel；see; hear; watch; look at; listen to等
　　The boss made by my grandfather work 10 hours a day.
　　→My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

2.有些及物动词没有被动，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换。
　　e.g. have ; hold（容纳）; suit; fit; become; contain; cost; last; lack; mean; suffice; resemble等
　　The keys doesn’t fit the lock.
　　Spending too much now will mean a shortage of cash next year.
　　A light lunch should suffice me.

3.系动词和不及物动词无被动语态。
　　e.g. appear; disappear; exist; happen; occur; take place; remain; lose heart; keep silence; agree with; happen to; succeed in; suffer from; take part in; belong to等
　　He once remarked that we all belong to the so-called “Lost Generation”.

4.有些动词用主动表被动含义。
　　e.g.感官动词sound, feel, touch等；sell; need; be worth; require; be to blame
　　The garden doesn’t need watering  since it rained last night.
　　(=does not need to be watered)
　　The book is worth reading./ It’s worth reading the book.

希望各位烤鸭们在考场中遇到流程图时能够沉着冷静地解题咯。

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