掌握雅思阅读的替换表达---因果逻辑替换

本文作者：新通沈阳  答疑热线：024-31091551

逻辑替换在雅思阅读考试中占有相当大的比重，同样逻辑替换的灵活使用也是写作考试中的重要要求。首先，以因果逻辑为例，看一下以下几组替换：because---for（因为---因为），ascribe to---since（归因于---因为），contribute to---lead to（导致）。以上几种替换表达中，每个词都体现出来明显的因果关系，但是从词义上看，每组替换的两个表达都是明显的同义词，所以本质上来讲，这些替换还停留在同义词替换的层面上。

下面我们再看一种情况：

文：Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.

题（blank filling）：Yessis links an adequate diet to _________.

答案：injuries

Lead to（导致）与link to（与… …有关）是解题过程中至关重要的替换关系。可是从词义角度讲，这两组词无论如何也无法被看做同义词或者近义词。实际上，在理解句子的前提下，我们发现这两组词其实都连接着一对互为因果关系的事物，它们的替换依据源于他们是因果逻辑的不同表达方式。

作为雅思考试中最常见的一种逻辑替换，因果逻辑的考察占所有逻辑替换的三分之一以上，因此因果逻辑是各位考生必须熟练掌握和应用的替换类型。

无论是在原文还是题目中遇到因果逻辑，都需要标记一下三项内容：因果逻辑词、原因和结果。

常见的因果逻辑词有：account for, affect/effect, allow/enable to do, as a result of, ascribe to, be accompanied by, be associated with, be back to, be linked to, be tied with, because of, bread/bred by, bring about, bring forth/forward, by, cause/create, consequently/consequence, contribute to/lead to, depend on/rely on, due to, damage, explain, factor, for as much, give rise to, impact, in that, in as much, induced by, key, make possible/be made possible by, on the basis of, play a part/role in, reason, result from, result in, since, trigger, responsible for, underlie, prompt, engender

例如：

Smoking is associated with lung cancer.

Smoking is the key to lung cancer.

Lung cancer can be ascribed to smoking.

让我们以真题为例：

1. 文： AHI has experienced difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel    owners, as a result of the country’s high labour-cost structure.

题：The high cost of running AHI’s hotel are related to their________

A. Management

B. Size

C. Staff

D. Policies

   分析：因为题干中related to是明显的因果逻辑词，与原文中的as a result of 形成逻辑替换，所以答案应为labor-cost structure的替换表达，C选项中的staff正是labor的替换

2. 文：In 1989, a team of American and Canadian biologists announced that they had found the    site of the gene which, when defective, gives rise to cystic fibrosis.

题： The second success of research into genetic defects was to find the cause of________.分析：因为原文中的give rise to 与题干中的the cause of 互为因果逻辑替换，并且二者 

后都连接的是结果，因此cystic fibrosis是答案。另外，题干中的genetic defect

对应原文中的the gene…when defective。

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3. 文：Eighty percent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching.

题：Physical hazards can accompany play.

分析：原文中的because和题目中的accompany是因果逻辑替换，原文的physical hazard和题目中的deaths是抽象---具体的替换，所以这道题是TRUE。

4. 文：Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.

题：There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. The great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical__________.

分析：题目空格前的as a result of是明显的因果逻辑表达，但是需要注意的是它并不对应文中的as a result，而是对应的是breed，配合题目中的variety与文中的diversity的对应关系，可以确定答案为isolation。

必须强调的是，逻辑关系绝大部分不是生词，因此考生应该在练习中多多积累常见逻辑的表达方式，并且锻炼在最短时间内识别出逻辑关系词，并找到对应的替换表达，做到这一点，才能在考试中得心应手地使用各种逻辑替换。

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