托福TPO阅读真题及译文：Urban Climates

第一段：

托福TPO阅读原文：
　　The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.

托福TPO阅读翻译：
　　冬天城市所产生的热量可以达到或超过其从太阳那里接收的热量。所有用来供暖的热量最后都扩散至周围的空气中，这个过程在那些隔热效果差的房屋里进行得最快。一辆汽车所产生的热量足以为一个普通的房屋供暖，如果房屋隔热效果好，一个成年人产生的热量就足以让其保暖了。因此，即使没有任何工业产热，城市地区也会比它周围的乡村地区更暖和。

第二段：

托福TPO阅读原文：
　　In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.

托福TPO阅读翻译：
　　在中国，每一个朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根据它们的质量和制作年代的不同，可以是实用器物、陪葬品、贸易收藏品，甚至是礼器。对于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物体或人物，陶瓷广义上被分为3大类：陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外，瓷器中还有很重要的一类就是宗教用途的雕塑，它们多数是陶质的。

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第三段：

托福TPO阅读原文：
　　The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

托福TPO阅读翻译：
　　燃料的燃烧，比如汽车燃料，并不是这种热量增加的唯一来源。另外两个因素导致了城市较高的整体温度。第一个是建造城市的材料的热容，主要典型材料是沥青和混凝土。白天，来自太阳的热量传入到这些物质当中并储存起来，在晚上被释放。但是在乡村储存能量的物质热容更低，因为植被会阻止热量轻易流入和流出地面。第二个因素是从太阳到城市的辐射热以两种形式被拦截了：（1）通过大量建筑的垂直表面的不断反射（2）通过尘埃，即大多数城市中受污染空气组成的云状物质。来自太阳的短波辐射比长波辐射要更容易穿过污染层；后者被这层物质中的气体污染物所吸收，然后重新辐射到城市的表层。

第四段：

托福TPO阅读原文：
　　Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.

托福TPO阅读翻译：
　　城市要比它周围的乡村地区热，同时它们产生了被称为城市热岛的现象。热岛效应在特殊条件下尤其是有微风时最明显，但是却几乎在任何时候都能形成。热岛的准确状态决定于好几个因素。比如风能在它出现的地方形成一个区域性的热岛。当一个热岛完全形成时，温度变化可能会非常极端；在冬天，繁忙的街道可能要比旁边的街道温度高1.7℃。那些红绿灯附近的地区同样要比红绿灯之间的地区要暖和，因为汽车停止时候的热效应要比运动时明显。城市周边和乡村环境的最大不同是地区热岛效应的程度。一般来讲，城市越大，热岛效应的程度就越强。实际上热岛效应的程度取决于实际布局、人口密度、和城市的生产活动等诸多因素。

第五段：

托福TPO阅读原文：
　　The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities. For one thing, the presence or absence of moisture is affected by the special qualities of the urban surface. With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water, even gentle rain runs off almost immediately from rooftops, streets, and parking lots. Thus, city surfaces, as well as the air above them, tend to be drier between episodes of rain; with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation, relative humidities are usually lower. Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants. On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.

托福TPO阅读翻译：
　　在大都市里表面大气之间的关系产生了一系列特殊的气候特征。首先，湿气的存在与否受到了城市表层特殊性质的影响。由于水无法穿过大多数城市建筑，即使是很小的雨也会立即从屋顶、街道和停车场流到地下。这样城市表层包括其空气在雨季的间歇期就会比较干燥；由于蒸发的冷却过程缺少水分，相对湿度通常也很低。气流会因为城市建筑的摩擦而改变。这种摩擦会降低风速，使得气体扩散污染物的效率降低。另一方面，湍流也会因为摩天大楼的影响而增加。城市降雨也增加了。其原因部分在于从地表上升的热空气所造成的城市大气中的更大湍流。