TPO33-1 The First Civilizations题目解析（3）

Paragraph 5

The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries.With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities.While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances.

Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.
　　B. Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.
　　C. The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.
　　D. Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.

答案 A
　　解析 句子简化题： 原句逻辑 while 表示对比转折；句子核心：城市中心的经济功能以及管理中心的仪式功能。A 选项句子对应两个核心，while 的转折对比关系正确，因此 A 选项正确。

11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?

A. The decentralization of authority
　　B. An increase in religious activity
　　C. The emergence of service- and production-related jobs
　　D. A decreased reliance on mineral resources

答案 C

解析 推断题：定位句 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. 在这些城市只能给， 新的生活形式的出现满足了不断增长的社会服务和消费品的需求。可以推断出有需求就有供给，就会出现与之相关的产业。

12. According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?

A. To protect the inhabitants from invaders
　　B. To mark the urban areas
　　C. To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population
　　D. To represent the prosperity of a city

答案 C

解析 细节题：定位句 In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. 意思是说通过建立高墙来建立严格的等级制度，将统治者和普通老板姓区分开来，对应 C 选项。

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13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
　　This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.
　　Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：第四个方框

解析 句子插入题 This was accompanied by increased professional specialization 中的 professional specialization 职业专门化对应第四个方框之后句子中的artisans or merchants, warriors, scholars, or priests。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.   Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.

Answer Choices:

A.Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.

错。定位第二段: 没有出现 disagree, less successful environments 的相关概念。

B.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.

正确。对应第二段 An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born.因为土壤中含有丰富的营养, 所以一块地农民可以种很多年, 因此就不用迁移到别的地方, 最后就定居了。

C.Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.

错。定位第二, 三段。The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. 原句是转折关系, 不是因果关系。

D.The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.

正确。对应第三段的核心主旨: 政府的形成。

E.Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.

正确。对应第五段核心意思: 中央集权导致了社会阶层和不同功能城市的形成。

F.Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.

错。定位第五段: In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere. 意思是说 Indus River Valley 这个地方没有华丽的宫殿来代表权力。虽然 F 选项没有什么太大的错误, 但它属于段落细节, 可以参照 E 选项正确的原因。

答案：BDE

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