2014年7月6日托福阅读真题及答案解析（全文）

keep in check=limitv. 限制、约束

take precedence over=important than比……重要、优先于

ultimately=eventuallyadv. 最终地

mechanism=meansn. 机制、手段

obsolete=out of dateadj. 过时的

devastate=destroyv. 摧毁、毁灭

alternate=take turns tov. 轮流、依次

secure=getv. 争取到

suitable=appropriateadj. 合适的

simultaneously=at the same timeadv. 同时地

unintentionaladj. 非故意的、无意识的

ambitiousadj. 雄心壮志的、野心勃勃的

maximizev. 最大化

seekv. 寻求

allowv. 允许

simulatev. 模拟、假装

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第一篇

版本一：美国修建大坝，对环境影响啊什么的，还有就是为什么去重建啊，有些环保人士反对大坝因为鱼啊环境啊 blabla

版本二：关于 removing 一些大坝的好处和坏处解析：本文来自 ZO12Oll3NA 和 2O121102ML 阅读，为因果型文章，涉及移除大坝（ dam removal ）的好处和坏处，具体关注对生态环境、物种多样性和经济的多方面影响，难度不大，在阅读时重点关注大坝移除具体的影响即可。

参考阅读：

Dam removal is the process of removing out-dated, dangerous, or ecologically damaging dams from river s’vstems. There are thousands of out-dated dams in the United States that were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as many more recent ones that have caused such great ecological damage, that they are proposed for removal.

Many of the dams in the eastern US were built for water diversion, agriculture, factory watermills, and other purposes that are no longer useful. Because of the age of these dams, overtime the risk for catastrophic failure increases. In addition, many of these dams block anadromous fish runs, such as Atlantic salmon and American shad, and prevent important sediments from reaching estuaries.

Often a dam is removed in order to undo the multiple detrimental impacts it has on the environment and biodiversity. Dams divert water from rivers for power, reducing the supply of water available to keep downstream ecosystems healthy. Dams obstruct the migration of fish and wildlife; for example, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that 91% of the migratory fish habitat in northern New England is blocked by dams. Dams also prevent nutrient rich sediments and woody debris needed for habitats from flowing downstream. Dams slow the flow of rivers, which allows sediment to collect on the river bottom and bury spawning habitat. The slowed flow also disorients fish species whose lifecycles evolved to take advantage of the swiftness and natural seasonal variations of a river’s flow. The warmer temperature of reservoir water sitting behind a dam may discourage cool-water fish species from reaching their upstream spawning habitat. Water that is released from the bottom of the reservoir is much colder and contains less oxygen than river water, which can affect the reproductive processes of some fish species; and when water with decreased oxygen is released, it can kill downstream fish. In addition, the creation of reservoir lakes favors species better suited to lake-like conditions, which often harm native fish species. The sediment and silt trapped by dams can accumulate heavy metals and pollutants. And turbines at hydropower dams may injure fish.

At dams with fish ladders, fish are often injured or killed swimming up ladders, or become too exhausted or stressed by the warmer water temperatures to spawn successfully even if they reach their destination.

Dam removal restores a river’s natural flow and helps increase biodiversity because vegetation and habitats are restored. Wetlands are revitalized, creating alcoves that serve as nurseries for aquatic species, and enhancing plant growth along riverbanks that provide habitat and food for additional wildlife species. Dam removal replaces warmer water species with the native species that are adapted to colder water such as salmon, trout, shad, river herring, etc., and enables fish to migrate freely upstream and downstream, improving their chances for successful reproduction.

关键词：7月6日 托福阅读 真题 解析 机经 

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第二篇

版本一：讲的珊瑚和其他水生动物的竞争还有不同种类珊瑚之间的竞争

版本二： coral reefs

个人觉得很难，花费太长时间

各种竞争-同类竞争，异类竞争

长得快的，长得慢的，藻类， grazing Prevent overgrowing 用了好多次，觉得文章本来就 confusing 还有 predator influence

解析：本文讨论珊瑚礁相关的生态系统，通过讨论珊瑚内外部的竞争来讲对珊瑚的制衡。虽然背景知识和结构略难，但可通过首段解决背景困惑，主旨句解决结构清晰度问题，同时在阅读中应克服各种生僻学科词汇带来的障碍。

参考阅读：

Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on earth, rivaled only by tropical rain forests. They are made up not only of hard and soft corals, but also sponges, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, sea turtles, sharks, dolphins and much more. Competition for resources such as food, space and sunlight are some of the prima ry factors in determining the abundances and diversity of organisms on a reef. Each component of a coral reef is dependent upon and interconnected with countless other plants, animals and organisms. This means that fluctuations in the abundance of one species can drastically alter both the diversity and abundances of others. While natural causes such as hurricanes and other large storm events can be the stimulus for such alterations, it is more commonly anthropological forces that affect these types of shifts in the ecosystem.

Reefs are chronically at risk of algal encroachment. Overfishing and excess nutrient supply from onshore can enable algae to outcompete and kill the coral. In surveys done around largely uninhabited US Pacific islands, algae inhabit a la,e percentage of surveyed coral locations. The algal population consists of turf algae, coralline algae, and macroalgae.

关键词：7月6日 托福阅读 真题 解析 机经

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第三篇

版本一：动物的 sociality 群居动物和独居动物的行为之间的差别？

版本二： animal socialize

不难，但是没时间了，问题挺针对文章的。 rare insect mammal好像就是群居什么一起， as predator 一 tiger （题）一起， prevent 一 share information （题）不利，群内竞争（食物，资源）

解析：本文是近年来常考的动物群居问题，纵观多篇群居和独居的机经文章，涉及的点均为群居和独居的优缺点，差异在于每次举例的物种略有不同，本篇行文也仍旧是理论观点＋具体物种例证的思路，在阅读过程中，仍重点关注概括性观点和理论，理解不同例证服务解释的对象，提取框架结构内容。

Social animals are those animals which interact highly with other animals, usually of their own species (conspecifics), to the point of having a recognizable and distinct society. Many animals are social to the extent that mothers and offspring bond, and males and females interact to mate, but the term “social animal” is usually only applied when there is a level of social organization that goes beyond this, with permanent groups of adults living together, and relationships between individuals that endure from one encounter to another The most commonly known example of a social animal is a domestic dog. In the case of social animals, it can be detrimental to their development to not have those social interactions, as they are crucial. These interactions and socializing will help to develop emotional stability and flexibility for the span of the animal’s life.

Living together may be beneficial in many ways. One obvious benefit for social aggregations is defense, both passive and active, from predators. Sociality offers several benefits to animals reproduction. It facilitates encounters between males and females, which, for solitary animals, may consume much time and energy. Sociality also helps synchronize reproductive behavior through the mutual stimulation that individuals have on one another Among colonial birds the sounds and displays of courting individuals set in motion prereproductive endocrine changes in other individuals. Because there is more social stimulation, large colonies of gulls produce more young per nestthan do small colonies. Furthermore, parental care thatsocial animals provide their offspring increases survival of the brood. Social living provides opportunities for individuals to give aid and to share food with young other than their own. Such interactions within a social network have produced some intricate cooperative behavior among parents, their young, and their kin. Of the many other advantages of social organization noted by behaviorists, we will mention only a few in this brief treatment: cooperation in hunting for food; huddling for mutual protection from severe weather; opportunities for division of labor, which is especially well developed in the social insects with their caste s’vstems; and the potential for learning and transmitting useful information through the society.

Animals that are solitary are often territorial and do not like the company of another animal in theirterritoryand especiallyan animal of theirown kind. This could be due to competition between rivals for the opportunity to mate or over territory, or it could be a more suitable way to live in the environment. When two of the same species meet they often show aggressive displays to try to chase off the other, but if neither of the two backs down a brawl can escalate. In some species these fights can end in the death of one or both animals.

The few times a solitary animal is with another of its kind is when it is caring for its offspring or when it is ready to mate. Nevertheless, when an offspring becomes independent the youngster will either leave on its own or be rejected by its parent This trait could be because the parent no longer tolerates the presence of another of its kind or it is ready to mate again and cannot care for both its first offspring and a newborn. During a time of mating, a solitary animal tries to find a mate, and once the act is completed, the animal may repeat the mating process several times and then resume its solitary lifestyle.

关键词：7月6日 托福阅读 真题 解析 机经 

推荐阅读〉〉〉