2014年6月29日托福考试阅读全真试题

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第一篇：The origin of eyes

Eyes can be defined as the tools that animals use to catch lights,maybe with the express of emotions for human beings.According to the theorem of experts,the formation of eyes may originated from the epoch of single cell.

The earliest animals with only one cell had no eyes but could have reaction to the light.For instance,the amoeba,earliest animal that lived in the water,had the ability to react to the light.They could protect themselves by moving backward the lights.Other insects might move toward the light.Because the basic character of our eyes is to react to the light so the scientists make an assumption that the animal with only one cell is an eye completely.This is concluded from one important property:phototaxis.The scientists made an experiment that they cut one part of amoeba which did not influence their phototaxis at all.This indicated that animals with single cell did not have special eyes.

As the involvement of animals going on,animals with single cell started to specialize different part of their body so that every part would do specific work.This indicated that some organelles were ordered to work for reaction of the light.This was called the "eye point",which was the most originated eyes that people could dated .After the evolution of over million years,the formulation of eyes was over.

No matter how the size and shape change,vertebrate and invertebrate share the same model of eyes.Biologists keep arguing about whether they had the same ancestor in terms of the model of eyes.New research indicated that a worm in the sea has the amazing similarity with people's eyes.This can support the opinion that they might have the same origin.The cells as receptor of vertebrate are quite different from those of invertebrate.Although they all use the same kind of protein to feel the light,but the amino acid for combination is quite different.Some researchers hold the opinion that eyes just had one evolution while some other researchers thought there might be twice.They saw one kind of silk worm as their experimental objects which lived in the sea and have not changed for over half a billion years.They found some receptor of lights which was similar as what they found in vertebrate.This finds made it clear that the earliest animals had both factors from vertebrate and invertebrate.What's more,receptor cells in invertebrate changed to the eyes of vertebrate.These results promoted the human being's learning of receptor and protein in invertebrate and vertebrate.

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第二篇：

With the development of technology, each change will bring about some difference to civil as well as public ideas, which contributes to the scientific and reasonable improvement of the social culture. In addition, it will also lead the lifestyle of our society to some improvement. In the past years, the distribution of females and males is relatively different from it today, and the scientist always conclude the trend as the transformation from females' domination to males' domination.

During the past years, due to the fact that females are responsible for farming and being engaged in the agriculture, giving support in necessities of life for both families and the whole society, and that is why females possess the higher position than males in the society.

However, due to the advancement of individuals' requests is rapidly increasing, the technology gradually interfere in producing agricultural products, some effective tools appeared, replacing the manual behaviors. For example, they utilized the shovels for farming and some machines to harvest ripe fruits or vegetables, which is in need of accurate destination feelings as well as some technical methods. The males, being proficient in utilizing their power, with those tools, dominated in creating most agricultural products, that is to say, they declined the females' importance and then let the society's weights be put on their shoulders. Then the distribution of our society has changed , just as the today's situation.

Without absorbing in creating the agricultural products, females left this stage and then changed their roles finally. They concentrated on feeding cows or sheep, weaving cotton cloth as well as cultivation their children, all of which can be classified as the by-products. Individuals are inclined to call the females as the human standing behind the males. The situations last for a long time, until the industrial domination year.

Since females has stayed home for several years, there existed some opposed opinion in the society. Most women preferred to return to the work place and do some contribution to the society, improving their position in families. As the kinds of jobs increased rapidly, more and more positions were in urgent need of employees. With the consideration of the trend of agricultural working style, individuals have to say that the sexual distribution in working place is related with the technology being utilized in the work environment.

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第三篇：Population Growth

In previous lectures, we have described how human cultural development was closely tied to changes in the natural environment. Successive cultural revolutions, such as the agricultural revolution, have led to surges in population. Some evidence summarizes again the historical record, typical of a "J-shaped" growth, with humans filling new niches and (perhaps) not yet reaching a limiting carrying capacity. One feature to note in this plot is the lack of huge fluctuations associated with famines or wars. In fact, the nature of J-shaped (exponential) growth is such that episodic reductions due to such catastrophes usually do not affect the inexorable and overpowering upward acceleration in population size. An exception is the period of the "black death" in Europe, which produced a noticeable but small downward spike in the curve. The wholesale loss of life due to world wars of the 20th century produced only small perturbations to the upward trend.

The human population growth of the last century has been truly phenomenal. It required only 40 years after 1950 for the population to double from 2.5 billion to 5 billion. This doubling time is less than the average human lifetime. The world population passed 6 billion just before the end of the 20th century.  Present estimates are for the population to reach 8-12 billion before the end of the 21st century. During each lecture hour, more than 10,000 new people enter the world, a rate of ~3 per second!

Fertility

The current growth of population is driven by fertility.  Figure 2 shows how total fertility rate is a strong function of region. It can be readily seen that the more developed countries ("the North") have lower fertility rates than the less developed countries ("the South"). The fertility rates in the developed world are close to replacement levels (i.e., the population is roughly stable), while the rates in the developing world are much higher. Thus, population growth and level of development are clearly linked.

Fertility is largely controlled by economics and by human aspirations. The high fertility of the developing world can be partially explained by the large number of hands needed to perform low-technology agricultural tasks. In these areas, families with large numbers of children realize an enhanced economic status. As technology improves, parents realize that having more children decreases rather than increases their standard of living. A dramatic example of this effect occurred in Thailand, where, as soon as parents realized that future economic status was linked to the secondary schooling (which is expensive in Thailand), the fertility rate dropped from about 6 to 2 in a decade!

Mortality, or the death rate per individual, is another determining factor of population growth. In the developing world, the death rate has dropped, more or less continuously, since the start of the industrial revolution. The following figure shows the slow, hard won, reduction in death rate in various European countries. Personal hygiene and improved methods of sanitation have played a major role and preceded the impact of modern medicine and, in particular, the development of antibiotics capable of reducing death due to infection. The downward trend of the death rate is common to most countries, although there are some countries (for example, Russia) where the death rate remains high and refuses to move appreciably.

The combination of decreasing death rate due to the march of progress in sanitation and medicine, coupled with the decrease in birth rate due to changes in the economies, has led to a profound change in the population growth curve in the developed world. This change is called the Demographic Transition.

The demographic transition did not occur overnight in Europe. It is anticipated that a transition like this will occur in all countries as they become further developed. However, time (many decades) will be needed for the birth and death rates to equilibrate - during which time the population will continue to grow rapidly.

The demographic data from the various countries of the world has been analyzed by many separate entities, including the United Nations. Most of the future growth will occur in the developing world as each country struggles to go through a demographic transition of their own. This particular projection shows a total population approaching 9 billion by the year 2050. The projected curve more closely resembles a sigmoidal (logistic) or "S-shaped" curve.

Because most developed countries have undergone a complete demographic transition, and have low population growth rate, their numbers increase little over the present.  In contrast, developing countries with their high population growth rate will comprise a larger and larger fraction of the world populations.

Of the 6 billion people, about half live in poverty and at least one fifth are severely undernourished. The rest live out their lives in comparative comfort and health.

The factors affecting global human population are very simple. They are fertility, mortality, initial population, and time. The current growth rate of ~1.3% per year is smaller than the peak which occurred a few decades ago (~2.1% per year in 1965-1970), but since this rate acts on a much larger population base, the absolute number of new people per year (~90 million) is at an all time high. The stabilization of population will require a reduction in fertility globally. In the most optimistic view, this will take some time.
 

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