托福独立写作策略之“论证技巧”

由于托福独立写作的体裁均为议论文，因此，考生必须灵活运用多重论证技巧，最为典型的论证技巧包括： 例证法、因果论证法和拆分法，详情如下：

1. 例证法

举例是说服力极强的论证技巧。此外，应尽量使事例具体化。如：...For instance, traffic jam fees were introduced in Singapore in 1975. Since then, Sweden, Britain, Norway, Italy, Portugal and China have followed suit... 又如：Having an intelligent partner by our side is just like receiving charcoal when the snow falls. He is competent enough to offer sincere and applicable suggestions that could drag us out of troubled waters. By making full use of our combined wisdom, problems can be solved easily. Take my cousin as an example: He has just set up his own company. At the very beginning, he was faced with a series of problems in business administration. After consulting his best friend, an MBA student in Harvard, he smoothly tackled those problems. As an old Chinese saying goes, ‘he who gets in contact with vermillion will become red’. A friend’s wisdom and accomplishments can directly influence us in positive ways. 建议考生平时广泛搜集可作为热点话题论据的各种素材，包括名人轶事、历史事件、新闻报道、生活经历等等，不断积累，并学会将其恰当地应用于论证过程之中。

2.因果论证法

因果论证法是深入展开讨论的典型论证技巧，恰当使用因果法，可以使段落思路连贯，逻辑明晰，论证严谨透彻。因果法论证步骤：提出论点→提出原因→分析条件→得出结果。如：Besides, TV is also an effective teaching tool that helps enhance learning efficiency. The large variety of education programs are specially designed to make study time more enjoyable. “Follow me,” a popular English learning program, is a perfect example. The superior visual and sound effects help leave a deeper impression on the viewers and improve their learning effectiveness. Therefore, TV does not merely serve for delight but also for education.

3.拆分法

在写作构思过程中，往往需要对论点进行合理拆分，从不同侧面展开论述，以达到论证逻辑的全面性。例如：Secondly, travelling expenditures may be cut down and much money can be saved. Regarding the accommodation on the journey, companions can share a double room in a hotel. Thus, each of them only has to pay half of the room price. The same is true with eating. It is a most popular choice for travelers to go dutch when having meals in restaurants. In this way, not only can they enjoy more dishes, but they can also spend less money than people who dine alone. In addition, on the trip, there might be the necessity to rent vehicles. Likewise, transportation costs can be shared equally between them as well.