快速组织托福口语Task3定义的方法

托福改革后，原6题缩减为4题。新版本中综合任务有三题，独立任务仅保留一题。这个改变使综合口语任务的分值顺应提高，因此，考生在备考时应该更加重视综合任务的训练。

在三题综合任务中，许多同学认为Task3（原Task4）是考试中最难的一题，因为题目要求在限定时间（45秒）内读懂并记录阅读中对术语的定义，再联系听力部分，理解教授的例子是如何阐释术语。

本文针对阅读部分定义，介绍一下快速阅读和笔记的方法：

（一）要做到快速阅读和理解，首先学生要明确自己的阅读目的－找定义。

阅读部分的内容通常包含：1｝引入话题；2｝定义；3｝对定义的进一步解释和其他细节；学生要懂得区分及仅记下“定义”部分的内容，然后利用剩余时间快速浏览（skimming）其余细节。但在教学过程中常会发现，有些学生不懂得区分，错误记下了引入话题的部分，还有些学生的笔记上记录了很多细节却依然不理解定义，针对这种情况，建议学生在练习时要学会分清楚内容结构，找准包含定义的句子。

（二）在明确阅读目的以后，学生需按照定义句的模版，将信息对号入座组织成公式化的句子。

定义句的模版由三部分组成，以下用TPO5作为例子加以说明：

例：

Target Marketing （★）

Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing（第一次出现）. Target marketing (★) is the strategy (S) of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences （定义句） –audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very effective in reaching potential customers.

1） ★词 －被定义的词

通常情况下就是标题上的词，但在文中第一次出现的位置不一定是定义所在的位置，如TPO5，Target marketing第一次出现的时候只是为了引入概念，而并未对它进行定义，第二次出现此词时才是定义句的位置。

2）S词－概括词

（常见概括词有：phenomenon，technique，process，tendency，form，strategy，way等 ）

定义句：Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences中的strategy就是对于这个术语的一词概括，它让我们明白Target Marketing是一个“strategy”策略，不是“phenomenon”，也不是“process”。

3）一个从句。

从句的内容通常是对概括词的补充说明，使我们对术语有一个更清晰的认识。从句不应过长，以TPO5为例，破折号后对于audiences的解释无需包括在定义句中。

模版定义句格式：★ is S＋从句

再看TPO45：

Method of Loci

Special techniques, or memory devices, are often used to help us recall information. One technique, the method of loci (i.e., method of location), is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. To use this technique, we first imagine a familiar place such as a building or an outdoor area. This familiar place should have a series of landmarks or locations within it that we can imagine walking past in a predictable, logical order. Once the landmarks have been identified in a given order, we assign one piece of the information that we want to later recall to each location. The information should be assigned in the order in which we want to remember it. To later recall the new information in order, we imagine walking through the familiar place, recalling what is stored at each location along the way.

此处提取定义信息：

1）★：Method of Loci

2）S：a technique

3）(从句)：(is helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order)

定义句子整理后为：

Method of Loci is a technique which is helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order.

（三）’known as’ （或called，termed）和有位置指示作用的’this’，’however’

1） ’known as’无疑当选指示定义句位置的最强信号，在现有的TPO套题中，高频出现了近20次。

如：

One process by which groups may make bad or irrational decisions is known as groupthink. （TPO1）

定义句整理后：Groupthink is a process by which groups may make bad and irrational decisions.

2）’known as’（或called，termed）还常常伴随着’this’或’these’+S词。在’this’或’these’＋S词出现时，就需要联系到前句的内容，如：

In other words, the opinions we have of people or situations tend to be based much more on the first information we learn about them than on information we learn later. This tendency is called the primacy effect. （TPO 41）

在这两句话中，’This tendency’实际就是对前句的总结，因此定义句整理后为：

The primacy effect(★) is the tendency (S) that the opinion we have of people or situations is usually based on the first information we learn about them.

3) 关注’However’，定义往往出现在它后面：

例子：

Emotional Intelligence

We often think of human intelligence as the mental ability to analyze and understand complex ideas. However, many psychologists believe that there is a different type of intelligence called emotional intelligence. People with emotional intelligence have the ability to recognize their true feelings and understand what is causing them… (TPO30)

Target Marketing

Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing. Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences… (TPO5)

（四）笔记方法：

1.★词建议完整抄下 －因为经常会包含不太熟悉发音的单词，完整抄下来方便回答时拼读该词。

2.S词建议使用较为固定的一套缩写方法，如：

strategy＝strgy,

phenomenon = phen,

technique = tnq,

tendency = tdcy

process = proc.

3. 从句部分内容用括号，括号里记录关键词，以实词为主（本文里不赘述）

例：

1）Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences. (TPO5)

笔记建议：Target MKT － strgy (ads －小，spcfc audience)

2） One technique, the method of loci (i.e., method of location), is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. （TPO45）

笔记建议：Method of loci - tnq (helpfl - rmb +++ pcs info in order)

However, many psychologists believe that there is a different type of intelligence called emotional intelligence. People with emotional intelligence have the ability to recognize their true feelings and understand what is causing them… （TPO30）

笔记建议：Emotional intelligence － ablty （recog true feelins ＋understand caus）

总结：定义句建议在10-12秒内完成，字数应该控制在20词以内。学生在阅读时须目的明确，以填充定义句模版的方式，快速寻找所需的定义句三部分信息。