逻辑在托福阅读句子简化题中的运用

中有一类很多同学不是很喜欢的题型：句子简化题。

这个题型每篇文章会有一道题，三篇文章就是三道题。这个题型之前都会有一个题目要求：Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 问的是哪一个最好的表达了高亮句子的必要的信息。而且同时点明了错误信息的错误原因：错误的选项要么以重要的方式改变了句子的意思要么遗漏了必要的信息。这个题目要求其实是非常抽象的，很多同学都会纠结哪些属于必要信息，哪些属于不必要的信息。而原句加上四个选项都比较长，很多同学也会花费很多时间去做这个题型。然而常常看了很久最终选出来的答案还是不对，或者会纠结其中的两个选项，非常犹豫。

其实这个题型是绝对不能光看句意去做的，尤其不能因为选项中没有出现原文的某些信息就予以排除，因为选项都是比原文短的，不可能体现出原文全部的意思。那么有些同学会利用主谓宾抽取主干的方式去做题，可不可取呢？我们举个例子来看一下。 

Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups.

A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

原句的主干非常简单：Learning appropriate social behavior is important. 而我们根据这个主句去选项里选择，会发现所有的选项都出现了monkeys，显然不能只看主句进行选择。

在这里给大家介绍句子简化题利用逻辑解题的思路，这个方法叫做逻辑方法论。首先给大家回顾一下有哪些逻辑关系。逻辑关系主要有因果，转折，比较，最高这几种，各自对应自己常用的逻辑词，需要考生做到心中有数并且能够快速识别。我们今天拿比较典型的因果逻辑来举例，所以先给大家复习一下因果逻辑常用的逻辑词： 

比较常用的显性因果逻辑词：

since ,as a result,result in, result

from,hence,subsequently,responsible for,thanks to, because(of), therefore,reason,in that, cause,thus, factor, so, consequence,explanation,owing to, outcome,consequently,account for,due to,

比较隐晦含蓄较难看出来的隐性因果逻辑词：

 1.发展促进类：enable,stimulate,motivate,prompt,encourage,perfect,help,contribute to

2.导致类：

 give rise to, induce, trigger,breed,engender, make,produce,  so……that，such……that

3. 影响破坏类：affect,impact,damage,ruin,interfere,destroy

4.由来类：come from,initiate from, derive from,stem from,

5.关联类：is associated with, accompany,is linked to, is tied with,have to do with,relevance

6.考虑到，依赖类：according to, depend on,rely on

7. 条件关系：if, when,as,

8.介词：by, from

那么什么是逻辑方法论呢？本质是利用原文和选项逻辑的一致性：原句中有什么逻辑，正确选项必须有该逻辑，没有这个逻辑的选项一定是错误的，原句中没有这种逻辑，擅自加上这种逻辑的选项一定是错误的，可以予以排除。句子简化题只能简化意思，不能简化逻辑,也不能增加逻辑。

下面我们说一说逻辑方法论的解题步骤：

1.通读全句，寻找逻辑词，确定逻辑词是否体现逻辑关系

（不是出现逻辑词就有逻辑关系）

注意：因果和转折逻辑词必须能把原句分成两句话，不能是半句话内部的小因果小转折。

2.排除多出来逻辑的选项，暂时排除没有原句逻辑的选项

3.利用逻辑承接对象以及句意，最终选定答案

我们来看这个例子：

Hierarchies that did not exist in earlier foraging groups but that were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing more-complex technologies probably became established, even before domestication and agriculture, as pre-Neolithic societies before the tenth millennium B C E reacted to the population increase.

A. The appearance of domestication and agriculture brought about the need for more hierarchically organized systems of labor and technologies among pre-Neolithic foraging societies.

B. The formation of social hierarchies meant that domestication and agriculture became less important than labor and technical development to the growth of pre-Neolithic societies.

C. Population increases among pre-Neolithic societies, even before domestication and agriculture, probably resulted in social hierarchies that helped organize labor and technologies.

D. Hierarchies that developed among foraging group pre-Neolithic societies respond to later population increases caused domestication and agriculture.

原句中的逻辑有but, as，一个表示转折，一个表示因果。但是but是前半句话内部的逻辑词，所以并不是我们句子简化题里需要考虑的逻辑。而as可以把整个句子切分成两块，as后面连接的是原因部分，因此这个题只需要考虑as就行。再去看四个选项里的逻辑，A选项有brought about，C选项有result in, D选项有cause.接下来我们利用逻辑的承接对象，先核实原句比较短的原因部分as pre-Neolithic societies before the tenth millennium B C E reacted to the population increase而ACD三个选项中原因部分吻合的只有C选项。我们再去核实C选项的结果部分是否和原文的结果部分的句意吻合，最终确定C选项是对的，所以这个题目选C。

按照逻辑方法论，我们就可以轻轻松松的解决句子简化题，做到快速清晰的解题。

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