托福独立写作的满分结构与布局

一篇好的文章，在结构上一定是清晰缜密布局合理的。那么如何安排好的结构与布局呢？下面我们一起来看一下。

ETS对托福独立写作结构布局的标准要求是：“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”我们可以注意到这里有两个词特别重要，就是organized和developed，一看就知道是这个标准的重点。那么这两个词语是什么意思呢，照例让我们来先看一下英文上的解释：

Organized: arranged or planned in a particular order or structure （以特定的结构或者顺序排列或者计划文章）

Developed: to make an idea clearer by explaining it further （通过进一步解释一个观点使之更清晰）

我们可以挨个来看，organization大家都知道是组织，说这篇文章well organized就是说它的文章布局很好，很有结构感。相信大家都了解过，托福的独立写作我们基本上百分之九十九的情况都是会写成议论文的形式，那么一个好的结构也会让你的论述更加有说服力。

这主要体现在两个维度：

第一个，是段落间的结构，也就是整个文章最好是采用总分总的结构。

这里我给出的结构是中间段论述一般会采用三个段落，一般是前两段是两个理由段，第三段用一个让步段使得文章更加全面客观，当然你也可以只写两个理由段落，只要陈述清楚你的理由就好了。

最重要的第二点呢，就是段落内部的结构，也就是中间段、理由段的结构，你要怎么开始陈述你的理由。

看这个黄色的一块，就是你需要有的结构：主题句，次主题句，然后用example或者experience展开。

那这个黑白的部分是说的什么呢？就是让步段，很多童鞋说不知道让步段是什么意思，其实之前我们举过一个例子，就是“好人卡”嘛：你是一个好人，但是，我们不合适。

所以，所谓的让步段就是你先说一个反方的观点，再来反驳反方的观点，起到一个负负得正的作用，最后还是论证你的观点。

比如你说，我觉得高晓松比宋仲基欧巴帅，你会先说高晓松为什么帅吧，因为脸小，皮肤好，365度无死角。那接下来你可能会说其实仲基欧巴也挺帅的，只不过眼睛是单眼皮，不像高晓松是双眼皮，所以还是高晓松帅。

玩笑开完啦，说完这个段落内部的结构，那么我们也就自然而然的可以过渡到什么样的论述才是well developed的呢？

它主要体现在段落内部（特别是中间理由段）的展开，通过这个标准后半句话的补充，我们可以得出中间段落拓展的标准：即主题句+解释+举例子。而这里面最重要的就是举例子的时候一定要有细节支撑你的观点！

比如我想说小明擅长抓苍蝇,就不能说因为他爸擅长，他妈擅长，而是要有细节体现，让人看完有一种不明觉厉的感觉：

Xiao Ming excels others at catching flies. Gently and carefully, Xiao Ming got close to a fly, he positioned himself and shaped his right hand as a catcher. Then, he waited for a couple of seconds, and took a deep breath. Subsequently, he made his swiftly swinging, which led to a delighted result: he caught the constantly offending fly!

是不是有非常多的细节？看完以后有没有不明觉厉的感觉？

所以在托福独立写作中就要写出尽可能多的细节，才能够让你的论述更加让人信服。

我们可以再看一个正经点的例子，有这样一道真题：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

那如果我觉得教授应该拿高工资，我应该怎样论述呢？显然，举个例子是最简单的方法，但是怎么把这个例子写好可就大有讲究了，让我们看看下面这段：

Mr. Thompson was provided with a decent salary, which enabled him to rent a fantastic researching laboratory off campus and allowed him to hire three researching assistants. With these advantages, Mr. Thompson could efficiently conduct his experiments without being disturbed. No sooner had he been working in the university for 3 years, he began to excel others at the Game Theory, and could always churn out （艰苦地做出，大量炮制）up-to-date researching achievements on annual basis, making it possible for him to readily advance his career in socioeconomic analysis and gradually win an academic reputation for his university. Upon his success, many college graduates, and even experienced professors and associate professors in other universities, began to apply for positions in his university. Apparently, his university will become increasingly influential in the foreseeable future.

你可以看到这一段论述里就会有大量的细节，包括发了这些钱他可以用来做什么，包括他做出了很多成果，也包括他的成就对于其他人的影响。这样一方面可以帮助你把文章写长，另一方面也可以让人更有身临其境的说服力。

那么好了，如果我想反过来论述，如果钱给少了，就不利于教授做科研了，是不是也可以写很多细节出来呢？让我们来看看下面这个例子：

For example, Graham Currie, one of my father’s acquaintances, used to be an excellent young Computer Science teacher in Peking University. In the first three months after his entering in the university, he spent all his spare time in the school library and spared no effort in collecting and compiling relevant data: he wished to win a national fund and organize some of his students to design software for a local dam. However, Graham’s monthly income, some 4,500 RMB, failed to meet his expenses - 2,260 RMB for his mortgage loan, 2,500 RMB for his food, 350 RMB for electricity and water charges. Under such a circumstance, his mother suggested him to take a part-time job in a nearby educational institution, which promised to pay him 6,000 RMB per month for his weekend instruction. Graham followed his mother’s advice, and, from then on, he shifted his attention from academic researches to earthly affairs.

你看，这里面我们还做了一道简单的算术题：每个月赚4500元，花销是多少呢？2260元的房贷加上2500元的伙食费和350元的水电费，一下子要花掉5000多，可不是入不敷出吗？所以正是这些细节，让你的文章论证更充分，内容也更吸引人。

相信通过上面这些讲述，大家对于文章结构组织有了更深刻的认识。关注新通天津，我们还会有更多干货技巧奉上，不要错过哟。

看完这些假如你还有疑问，不妨点击下面图标，与在线教师单独沟通↓↓

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