雅思阅读：heading题解题技巧

根据首尾句原则进行解题
由于英美人的直线思维，所以有很多文章，都在段落首句或者尾句直接给出该段落的中心思想句。
例如：
In addition, mistakes may arise due to stubbornness. No one likes to abandon a cherished belief, and the earlier a decision has been taken, the harder it is to abandon it. Drug companies must decide early to cancel a failing research project to waste money, but find it difficult to admit they have made a mistake. in the same way...
这段话的首句就是主题句。在同一篇文章当中，首句是主题句的就有四段话。大家可以把那套考题拿出来总结分析一下。

首尾句没有主题句，看第二三句转折词，有but, however之类的词，该句就是heading句
解析：
in fact 这句是概括性的句子，后面紧跟两句细节，从信号词"example" 和 "and'以及 "1972"和 "1930s and 1940s"可以看出。但是这段话真正的中心思想句就是but转折句。转折句后面跟了三个原因句子来详细说明 but句。 故此该段的中心句为why some early social science methods lost popularity. 其中，popularity---enthusiasm ---interest为近义词。

承上启下句：上一段的heading可以通过下一段的第一句来进行确认。

语言信号词
1. 转折词的作用是否定转折词之前的内容，肯定转折词之后的内容。
　　常见的转折信号词有：but, however, nevertheless, yet, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, whereas, conversely, on the contrary....
A(正）， but B(负), 反之亦然。作者强调的重点在转折词之后。
　　2.让步信号词：
despite, in spite of, although, albeit, while, nonetheless
despite A(正）, B（负）， 反之亦然。
作者强调的是B，而不是A。
　　3.并列信号词：
and, as well as, or, also, too,moreover, plus, in addition, additionally, furthermore, what is more, 以及标点符号中的分号“;"。
此种类型的信号词表示这些文字讲的是同一类事。
　　4. 比较信号词：
比较相同点：like, similiarly, in the same way,...similar, paralell, as.....as结构以及as is the case with ....
比如说：like everyone else, people with intellectual disability also need a rewarding job and a place to live...
比较不同点： by contrast, in contrast, conversely, on the conversely, on the other hand, by comparision, compared with......instead.....and even 标点符号分号";"
for examle:
in Spain, the one-adult household was so rare a decade ago it didnot register statistically; now the figure is 10%.
　　5. 举例信号词：
for example, for instance, such as, like, a case in point is that....an apparent example is that....an illustration/demonstration/case/survey/investigation/study........
另外，英语中的破折号和冒号同样有此功能。
　　6.因果信号词：
because, as, since, in that, on the ground that....due to, owing to, result from,be attributed to, be ascribed to  后紧跟原因
result in , as a result， consequently, thus, hence..so, therefore.后紧接结果