SAT阅读题型分类——写作手法题

    Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector
clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat
limited. The factors favoring unionization drives
seem to have been either the presence of large numbers
(5)of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the
effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or
two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively
easy, Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part
was also a consideration, but when there were large
(10)numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only
unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multioccupational
unions would often try to organize them regardless
of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic
reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians
(15)and administrators might play off unionized
against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the
conviction that a fully unionized public work force
meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the
legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few
(20)in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and
expressed no interest in being organized, unions more
often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
    But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has
emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical
(25)workers were represented by a labor organization,
compared with 46 percent of government professionals,
44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and
41 percent of government service workers, Since then,
however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization
(30)have been among clerical workers. Between 1977
and 1980, the number of unionized government workers
in blue-collar and service occupations increased only
about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations
the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers
(35) in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
    What accounts for this upsurge in unionization
among clerical workers? First, more women have entered
the work force in the past few years, and more of them
plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently,
(40)they are probably more concerned than their
predecessors were about job security and economic benefits.
Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing
 the economic and political activism of women on
their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude
(45) toward unions. The absence of any comparable
increase in unionization among private-sector clerical
workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst-the
structural change in the multioccupational public-sector
 unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational
(50) distribution in these unions has been steadily
shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly
white-collar. Because there are far more women
in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of
female members has accompanied the occupational shift
(55)and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing
 women and addressing women’s issues.
　
2. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) in order to account for why
　　(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
　　(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
　　(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
　　(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975
        (E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization

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