托福独立写作技巧：举例篇

举例（examplification）是托福独立写作的重要手法，甚至被列入官方评分标准中。但许多考生对于如何恰当的举例并不熟悉。一般而言，举例的具体操作方法分为以下两种：

1. 粗例：粗犷的例子

“粗例”即一类人、物或事，或一个公认事实的例子，也就是多数人都能认可的信息。寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松，只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后narrow down就可以了。

观点1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
　　粗例1：International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
　　粗例可以建立“面”对“线”的关系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同时也要控制使用的量。同时，粗例需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用，才能使整个段落更有血肉。

2. 细例：细致的例子

“细例”就是具体到一个人、一个物，或一件事，可以是实际存在的（包括家人、朋友、自己和身边发生的事，以及名人轶事），也可以无中生有。这类例子使托福写作更加鲜活，更有说服力，通常也有更长的篇幅。平时有意识地积累并灵活联系，写起这类例子来才会更加得心应手。

观点2：Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
　　细例2：A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.

观点3：You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
　　细例3：Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored, but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.

值得注意的是，细例在题材上可以看做是一小段记叙文，因此必须符合记叙文的基本要素要求，如提供时间、地点、人物等背景信息，写清楚事件发生的起因、经过、结果。换言之，细例应当具备足够的细节信息，使例子内容显得丰富生动，否则就会缺乏足够的说服力。

此外，细例的无中生有的一种形式就是假设论证，常用if, supposing等开头。

观点4：Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
　　细例4：If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.

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