2015年1月25日托福口语机经小范围（第一版）

Task One

1. describe agift that you want to give someone.

Sample Answer:

I would like to give a book--time management as agift to my younger brother James. He's a high school student. But he doesn'tstudy hard but dreams away the hours. I wanna give him this book and let himknow that life is too short to waste on trifles. Time and tide wait for no man.Light travels like an arrow and time like a shuttle. He has to spare no effortto realize his dreams and achieve his goals. I don't want him to regret atbeing mediocre and shiftless when he's about to graduate.(98)

2. 讲述一个你学到新东西的过程，你是怎么克服困难学到的[另1版本：你怎么学习新科目，举例子说明] Describe your experience of learning somethingnew. And describe what problem did you meet and how did you solve the problem?

Sample Answer:

I still remember when I was in high school,started to study English. I had a trouble of pronunciation. I was so upset andwanted to give up trying. Then my father encouraged me and told me, 'when youfall on evil days, you don't need a shoulder to cry on. What you need is tostand up one more time than you fall down.' I was inspired. And then I tookpart in an English Salon practicing with my classmates and foreign teachers.And I downloaded lots of English materials from the internet like DailyPronunciation and Sixty Second American Science, etc. followed and imitated themline by line. (110)

3. 讨论如何解决城市交通拥挤的问题。whatdo you think we should do to decrease the usage of car or other vehicle andsolve the traffic problems?

Sample Answer:

I suggest several ways to decrease the usage ofcar and solve the traffic problem. The first way is by pressing ahead with newpolicies like odd-even traffic restriction meaning that cars with plates endingin odd numbers and even numbers could drive on alternate days. The second wayis to offer diversified traffic modes such as car-pooling and B-stations. Theywill not only successfully solve the traffic problem but also indirectly reduceair pollution. Sharing car rides will decrease the number of cars on the roadthereby cutting down on the use of fossil fuels and establishing more B-stationsto encourage citizens to ride bicycles to a nearby place instead of driving isan ideal option as well.

4. Which technology has made the greatest impact onpeople’s life in your country?Airplane，computer or television.Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

Sample Answer:

I strongly confirm that computer's made thegreatest impact on people's life in my country. The era of globalization to agreat extend attributes to the rapid development of electronic technique likecomputer network. They've significantly changed our lives. First, in terms ofeducation, computer network makes long-distance education possible. Younggenerations living in remote regions can get an easy access to bettereducational resources on the internet, like open-courses from HarvardUniversity or Columbia University. Second, as far as business is concerned,Computer website puts less restriction on time and location. It makes businessmore flexible. Wechat business has gradually become one of the dominant businessmodels. And on-line shopping has slipped into people's lives.

5. Your university is planning to allow students towatch TV in theirs dormitories. What is your opinion and why? What are theadvantages and disadvantages of watching TV in dormitories. Include reasons andexamples to support your response.

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I don't think studentsshould be allowed to watch TV in their dormitories. I hold two points tosupport my stand.

To begin with, watching TV is very timeconsuming. Life is too short to waste on trifle. As a saying goes, time andtide wait for no man. Students should spare no effort to realize their dreamsand achieve their goals.

On top of that, watching TV is very distractive.It will disturb other students nearby who are trying to go to sleep or do work.

And plus, indulgence in watching TV will lead tovisual problems like myopia, dry eyes and double vision. (108)

6. What is themost important quality the teacher should have?

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, the most important quality ateacher should have must be patience. A patient teacher never gives up anystudent. For example, I remember when I was in high school started to studyEnglish. I failed in all English tests. Then I was so upset and wanted to giveup. But my teacher Chang encouraged me patiently and told me, 'when you fall onevils days, you don't need a shoulder to cry on, what you need is to get up onemore time than you fall down.' I was so inspired and appreciated for not givingme up and decided to spare no effort to study English. (110)

7. Talk about an after school activity you enjoydoing the most. Give specific reasons and details to support your response.

Sample Answer:

The after school activity I enjoy doing the mostis basketball. I have two points to support my stand.

To begin with, playing basketball is known to beone of the best ways to burn fat. I'm a little over-weight. I weigh about 100kilograms. And playing basketball can help improve my fitness level and overallphysical appearance.

On top of that, by playing basketball, I candevelop my collaboration awareness, team spirit and cooperation skill. Mostimportantly, I can make friends with my team members and even opponents toenlarge my social circle. I long for companionship, because I know if I want toamount to something in the future, I will need other's backup. (116)

8. describe your favorable place to study.

Sample Answer:

My favorable place to study is library. I havetwo points to support my stand.

To begin with, I can study with my classmates inthe meeting rooms in the library. Group study is more interesting andefficient. In a study group, we are quizzing each other instead of simplyrereading the same notes again and again which is very boring and low-efficient.Library is the ideal place for us to study in a group.

On top of that, there are a lot of referencematerials in the library. When I'm dealing with academic papers, library is theideal place. (100)

9. If your friend is dropping out of the college, doyou think is a good thing?

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I don't think it is a goodidea to drop out of the college. I have two points to support my view.

To begin with, university is the place where hecan acquire professional knowledge. If he wants to amount to something big,something splashy in the future, he has to make himself knowledgeable andinsightful. Most importantly, knowledge can help him judge between right andwrong, distinguish the good from bad.

On top of that, he can strike up an acquaintancewith a nice group of people to enlarge his social circle. One cannot besuccessful single-handedly. (101)

10. Currently,air pollution is a serious problem. Describe several ways to reduce airpollution.!

Sample Answer：

I suggest the following several ways to reduceair pollution.

The first way is to plant more trees. Carbondioxide is one of the contributing factors in air pollution. And carbon dioxideis required by plants for photosynthesis.

The second way is to diversify traffic modes likecar pooling and bicycles. As we all know air pollution is mainly caused due toexcessive use of fossil fuels like petroleum and gasoline. Sharing car ridescan effectively reduce the number of cars on the road thereby cutting down onthe use of fossil fuels. And the government should establish more B-stations toencourage people to ride to nearby places instead of driving. (111)

11. 朋友买东西钱不够 朋友do not have enough money 做什么或者买东西(记不清)

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I think if my friendsdoesn't have enough money to buy something, taking a part-time job and savemoney gradually would be a wise choice. I have two points to support my view.

To begin with, by taking a part-job, he mightrealize that money doesn't grow on trees. He's still a student relying on hisparents' hard-earn cash. He has to share the financial burden with his familybut not squander his parents' entire life savings.

On top of that, taking a part time job is awin-win strategy, he can not only use his wage to buy what he wants but also obtainsome work experience which will benefit his future growth. (117)

12. Describe a popular gathering place where peoplein your town usually go for relaxation. Explain why people in your town like togo there. Include reasons and examples to support your response.

Sample Answer:

The most popular gathering place where people inmy town usually go for relaxation is home. As a saying goes, 'east or west,home is the best.' People can do a lot of things to relax at home.

To begin with, people play PC games like World ofWarcraft or Starcraft. After a hard day's work--receiving clients and guests,telephone switchboard and administrative duties, people can really unwind bysubmerging themselves in the virtual world.

On top of that, dining by candlelight with one'sbeloved is so cosy and romantic. And It also provides an easy way to bringfamily together. (102)

13. Describe one of the difficulties in which youreceived help from your family, friends or classmates and please give specificdetails to describe how their suggestion helped you.

14. The season when you like,reasons

15. Talk about a skill you already have but wouldlike to improve.

Task Two

1. Some people believe that it is better forchildren to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better forchildren to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What is your opinion andwhy? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

Sample Answer:

I strongly confirm that it is better for childrento grow up in a big city, a metropolis like Beijing. Here there are bettereducational resources, more job opportunities and good medical care. It can beproven by the truth that Beijing has over 40% ab extra population. And ofcourse, children might risk suffering air pollution, traffic jam or food safetyissues, but you can’t have it both ways, right? By contrast, living in ruralareas, children--girls in particular, will risk more, because in countryside,people look up to men and down on women. What’s worse, in Chinese countryside,many people believe in a fatuous and sensational superstitious belief that ifyou want to have a baby boy, you have to prick a needle into a baby girl'sbody.

2. Some people believe that teachers should givestudents assignments in class. Others believe that teachers should givestudents assignments by sending emails. Witch why do you think in better andwhy? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I confirm that givingstudents assignments in class would be a wise choice. I have two points tosupport my stand.

To begin with, not all students have privatecomputers. If they are assigned homework by email, they might have to spendextra time to go to the computer lab to check their emails. Apart from beingtime consuming, it would also be very inconvenient.

On top of that, by giving assignments in class,if any student has a question, he can have a face-to-face discussion with theprofessor and get an immediate answer without having to wait for next class.(104)

3. agree or disagree students should do part-timejob before attending college

Sample Answer:

I’mstrongly for the statement. I hold two points to support my stand. First,taking a part-time job could let students know that money doesn’t grow ontrees. Lots of university students can’t resist the temptation of material comforts.They are vain, acquisitive, squandering their parents hard-earn cash to keep upwith the Joneses. A hard day’s work equals a good lesson. Second, the biggestchallenge for university students is to know their real needs. Lots of studentsare dreaming away the hours—being addicted to PC games or sitting around doingnothing. Taking a part-time job can help them find their real needs, interestedmajor or career direction.

4. Would you like to make friends with the sameinterests or the one with different interests?

Sample Answer:

Personally speaking, I would like to make friendswith different interests. As a says goes, all the wits in the world are not inone head. Making friends with different interests helps broaden our horizon.For instance, my friend Jake who's interested in time management told me lighttravels like an arrow and time like a shuttle. So we have to spare no effort torealize our dreams and achieve our goals. My friend Lisa who's interested in financetold me that the best material must be used at key point. So we have to putaside some money to prepare for the rainy day. (105)

5. Some people think students should study inclassroom. While others believe that they should visit museum and zoo to study.Which one do you like?

Sample Answer:

It is a little complicated. I think it depends onmajors. On one hand, for the students majoring in art and zoology, visitingmuseum and zoo to study would be more beneficial. Bruce Lee said, 'knowing isnot enough, you must apply; willing is not enough, you must do.' Students canapply theory to practice. And a repetition of practices is the only way to getgenuine knowledge. On the other hand, for the students majoring in math andlanguage, staying in classroom would be better where there is less distraction,so the students would be more concentrating on their study. (101)

6. Do you prefer to work in individual with profession or work in group with profession?

Sample Answer:

Personally speaking, I would like to workindividually. I have too points to support my stand.

To begin with, I'm undistracted andself-motivated. By locking myself at home and plugging away, I could get a GPAof 4.0.

By contrast, working in a group is risky.Sometimes it is not a study session but a gossip session. People joke aroundinstead of focusing on their topic. When small talk replaces the time spentstudying, it could be a huge waste of time. Moreover, I have to take time andlocation into my primary considerations. If I have to drive to a far awaylocation to meet, I'm gonna be very exhausted. (111)

7. Some people think that one needs to be talentedto be an artist, others believe trainings and hard work is more crucial forsomeone to be an artist. Which do you think is more important? Give details andexamples in your response.

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, well trainings and hard workcan make anyone a participant in art, but hardly make one without talents anartist. A participant learns and imitates; an artist creates and changes.

For example, you can wear longish shaggy hair andgo buy a guitar and learn and practice for several years, then call yourself aparticipant in art, but not an artist as talented and creative as Beethoven,Vincent van Gogh or Picasso. Beethoven created Ninth Symphony when he was deaf;Vincent van Gogh was the pioneer of Post-Impressionism; Picasso was theinitiator of cubism. Just like you cannot train a Chihuahua to be adrug-sniffing dog, you cannot make one without talents an maestro. (117)

8. 你喜欢同时做很多项目或任务，还是喜欢专注于一个项目

Sample Answer:

I would like to focus on one subject at a time.My reasons are listed below.

On one hand, concentrating on one thing canimprove my work efficiency. For example, if I'm preparing for TOFEL test andGRE on alternate days, the collision of different focuses will break my studymomentum. TOFEL test focuses on English application ability and GRE focuses onacademic ability.

On the other hand, one man cannot whistle anddrink at the same time. If I have a business trip to Shanghai and a businessnegotiation in Beijing at the same time, I have to choose one and give up theother. (106)

9. Do you agree or disagree that advertisements haveinfluence on people purchasing.

10. prefer to have a busy schedule or a lot of freetime???

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I would like to have a busyschedule that'll not only enrich my life but also accelerate the speed of mysuccess. I need a busy schedule, because life is too short to waste on trifles.As a saying goes, light travels like an arrow and time like a shuttle. So Ihave to cherish any single moment to achieve my goals and realize my dreams. Ineed a busy schedule, because I don't want to regret at being mediocre orshiftless when I'm about to be six feet under. I need a busy schedule, justlike a shark needs to swim in all its life, swim or die. (112)

11. When on avacation in a different city, some people prefer to go camping in a tent, whileothers prefer to stay in the hotel. Which would you prefer and why?

Sample Answer:

Personally speaking, I prefer to stay in thehotel when on a vacation. My reasons are listed below.

To begin with, living in hotel is verycomfortable and convenient. I can have hot bath, sweet sleep and nicebreakfast. I'm on a vacation for relaxing not for field survival training.

By contrast, camping in a tent is very annoying andrisky. I have to set up the tent and take water from nearby river or stream andmake a camp fire to drive wild animals like wolves or bears away. What's worse,sleeping in a sleeping bag with countless Aedes one of the most fierce mosquitoflying around. That's terrible. (110)

12. 一个学校成功与否取决于他是否有很多的textbook

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I don't think whether auniversity's successful or not depends on how many textbooks it has. My reasonsare listed below.

To begin with, bookstores have countless books,but they are not universities; printers have a large amount of books, but theyare not universities either. A successful university must adhere to thephilosophy of people-oriented but not book-based.

On top of that, a successful university owns highquality education, provides more internship opportunities, has complete teachingfacilities. Most importantly, the number of talents a university cultivated isthe key point. John Adams, Franklin Roosevelt and John Kennedy were allgraduated from Harvard University.

13. Some people prefer to live in residence withstrict rules, others prefer to live in residence without strict rules. Which doyou prefer and why?

Sample Answer:

From my perspective, I would like to live inresidence with strict rules. My reasons are listed below.

On one hand, nothing can be accomplished withoutnorms or standards. Imagine a residence where people clean up the room onalternate days; they have to get up at 7:00 a.m. and go to sleep at 10:00 p.m.;no one is allowed to smoke indoor. That'll be an ideal residence. By contrast,a messy chaotic residence with people throwing parties every night is terrible.

On the other hand, living in residence withstrict rules, I can make my life in order so that I could improve my workefficiency. (106)

14. some university students choose to take difficultclasses even if they know might not get a good grade in the class, othersprefer to take easier classes in which they know they will get a good grade.

Sample Answer:

Sailing with the wind or against the wind dependson destination. So whether a class is easy or difficult, it shouldn't be theissue.

On one hand, if one's conceiving a big dream,dreaming of becoming an astronaut, the classes he has to take are astronomy,cosmology or cosmophysics are surely difficult. But he has take the bull by thehorns to achieve success.; if someone's conceiving a respectable dream,dreaming of becoming social worker devoting his life to the people in need. Hemight just have to take some basic classes such as accounting, language orpsychology which are surely easy at least I think so. (107)

15. When you have problems, you will ask advisor forhelp or search it through internet or library.

Sample Answer:

Personally speaking, when I have problems I wouldlike to look for an answer on the internet. My reasons are listed below.

To begin with, internet is convenient. Along withthe rapid development of technology, more and more high-tech inventions havecome into being like Skype, Facebook or Wechat. I can simply type severalbuttons on my keyboard and get any information I want immediately.

On top of that, internet is more realistic. Forexample, I am study social psychology, Java Script and language on my ownwithout taking any courses. Then when I get into trouble, the only way I can dois to turn to the internet. (108)

16. Some college students prefer to focus onschoolwork, others prefer to spend more time on extracurricular activities suchas joining clubs. Which do you prefer?

17. Do you agree or disagree? The most importantinfluence that young adults have are from their families.

18. Do youagree or with that all people would have the life of relax and unhurried

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Task Three

1. 【学校通知】：theuniversity is considering moving the student theater center from campus to thenearby downtown。好处1、downtown theater has alarger space，and it can contain moreaudiences。好处2、the new theater will have better technicalfacilities，so that students canget better light and sound while they are appreciating performances。

【学生态度】：男生反对此计划。理由1.audiences in the downtown theater are mainly students。It is quite inconvenient for them to drive for 20min to get there to see performances，so few of them would like to go to the newtherter。理由2、the facilities in school theater are quite basicand easy to operate。However, students are not professional and well-trained, and thefacilities in downtown theater will be too complex for studnets to operate。So, students might end up with worse lights andsounds than what they have now。So, better facilities are not necessary。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to move the student theaterfrom campus to the nearby downtown.

The man in the listening disagrees. First, theaudience are mainly students. It is quite inconvenient for them to drive 20minutes to the downtown area to see performances. So students would not like togo to the new theater. Second, the facilities and equipments in the schooltheater are quite basic and easy to operate. However, students are notprofessional and well-trained, the facilities in the downtown theater would betoo complex for them to operate. So the students might end up with worse lightsand sounds than what they have now. So better facilities are totallyunnecessary.

2. 【学校通知】：大学计划增加校车班次和走更合理路线。好处1、对学生来说更方便。好处2、学生可以不用开车来学校了。【学生态度】：女生赞成。理由1、如果她有两节课是连着的话，一个在这栋楼一个在那栋楼，去另外一栋楼不方便，会迟到。理由2、目前校车班次太少，她以前坐校车经常迟到，所以她只有开车来学校，但现在汽油很贵，很花钱，这个计划可以使她省很多钱。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to add more bus services andimprove the bus route.

The woman in the listening agrees with it for tworeasons.

First, if she has two classes in succession,it will be inconvenient to walk from this academic building to another one. Shewill be late for the class.

Second, at present, there are only a few buses.She usually waits a long time for a bus and be late for classes. So she canonly drive on campus. This plan will help save tons of money on gas.

3. READING:学校图书管的新规定：本科生每次限借书10本(原来30本)，原因是学校保证书的质量，而且会又更多的copy machine

MAN;认为这个新政策很好，因为30本书对于一个本科生来讲已经超过了他的有效阅读范围，比如上个学期他的历史老师为他们布置了论文以及一些参考数目，但他到图书馆借的时候发现所有的资料已经被先到的3个女生都借走了，这对他来少很不公平;另外，更多的copy machine会带来便利，因为借书时会有一大部分时间花费在查询书上，由于没有足够的copy machine，所以新的机器会大大节省时间。学生把有用的 pages or chapters复印下来就可以了，copy machine is offered in the library.

Sample Answer:

The university plans to limit the number of booksthat each student could borrow at a time from 30 to 10.

The man in the listening agrees with it for tworeasons.

First, 30 books is beyond student's ability toread. For example, last semester, his history professor assigned him somepapers to finish and some reference books to read. But when he was at thelibrary, he found that all reference books were borrowed by other students. Iwas unfair to him.

Second, it will be more convenient to add morecopy machines. Students always spend a lot of time searching for the books theyneed due to lack of copy machines. With more copy machines, students can simplycopy the pages or chapters they need.

4. 然后就是一篇说学校支持学生买报纸，阅读里说了三条，一个是把报纸价格压低，然后听力里妹子就说，报纸已经够便宜啦，才几十个cents。第二条说是忘了。第三条说是叫人直接给学生送宿舍去，然后听力的mm就说太扯啦，这个耗人力又要租车，太贵了，一点不可靠。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to lower the price of schoolnewspaper.

The woman in the listening disagrees with it fortwo reasons.

First, school newspaper is cheap. It only costtens of cents.

Second, delivering newspaper to dormitories isnot realistic. The university has to hire people and rent a van. That is a hugecost.

5. 第三题是讲学校打算培训一批新的宿舍管理员，通过新老经验交流的方式。女生觉得这是一个很好的想法，首先她当过宿管后有很多很多经验如何去处理事务纠纷等问题，这样的话新人能够从这里学到很多;其次这也样老一批宿管能够有时间去处理其他问题诸如学生宿舍的调配什么的。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to train a group of new dormmanagers.

The woman in the listening agrees with it for tworeasons.

First, she's been a dorm manager. She obtained alot of practical experience about how to deal with disputes and emergencies.

Second, the old dorm managers can make time todeal with some other things like living arrangement or distribution.

6. A letter tothe newspaper

Reading material：学生给校报的一封信。认为现在学校的机房(computer lab)里机器少，人多，他经常需要等待很长时间才能挨上，建议建立sign-up system制度，学生可以提前预定，可以保留一小时，这样就efficient了。

Listen material：男女两个对话，女生认为不可行。

(1)允许预定意味着，原先正在上机做作业、查信息的学生必须到时下线time limited,强制退出，这样他们就被打断了intervene;这样inconvenience，又ineffictive。

(2)允许预定还会带来noisy。有学生先预定了，但来得晚，后来预定的学生来得早，它想先上又不行，他们就会吵架，影响别人(这一个没听好，说的也一般。)

Sample Answer:

The written letter suggests that the universityshould establish sign-up system in computer lab.

The woman in the listening disagrees with it fortwo reasons.

First, with sign-up system, the students who aredoing their assignments or searching for information at the computers must signoff the computers by force by the time limit. That'll interrupt their work. Itis very inconvenient.

Second, it will give rise to quarrels. Forexample, if the student who's booked a reservation is late, some other studentswant to use the reserved computer, they might get into a dispute with eachother.

7. 化学院决定奖励化学拿高分的学生，然后男同学不同意，说一个是因为已经有很多incentives激励我们学习了，例如考研。另个一原因是与其奖励学生，不如改善设备，因为设备陈旧，这样就不知好学生享受到福利了。)

Sample Answer:

The university's chemistry department decides toreward top students.

The man in the listening disagrees with it fortwo reasons.

First, there are still a lot of incentives.

Second, the university should use the money toimprove facilities which are out dated and run-down rather than grant an awardto top students.

8. 学校的剧院可以租给校外演戏的剧组。好处1，学生夏天在学校没什么活动，只能上课，有剧组来演戏可以增加娱乐。好处2，学校剧院的设备很旧了，需要更新。可以用出租剧院赚的钱来买一些剧院需要的椅子之类的东西。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to rent the on-campustheater to off-campus film crew.

(注意，下面这段这到底是reading还是listening，大家考试时搞清楚)

First, students have no activities in summers buttaking classes. Film crew will provide more entertainments.

Second, the equipments in the school theatre areold and run-down and need to be replaced. The university could use the rent tobuy new chairs.

9. 一学生写信建议更改学校graduateceremony的地址，觉得去lawn比在室内好，因为室内的椅子有限，而室外很大，而且在室外很 游客都口可以看到，有气氛。

男生反驳，a 室内有椅子可以坐，比站着好：b室内有摄像，家长可以在电视里面看直播。

Sample Answer:

The written letter suggest that the universityshould move graduate ceremony to the lawn.

The man in the listening disagrees with it fortwo reasons.

First, there are chairs in the room. Sitting isbetter than standing.

Second, there is camera in the room. The parentscould have a direct broadcast there.

10. 托福机经阅读说学校对theatre专业的有新要求take a trip off campus，看专业的product，要花35元。？女的问男的态度，男的很欢迎，说对理解有帮助，花钱也不多，花3次的钱可以看？一次免费的。!

11. passage： 学校为了帮助学生解决电脑问题，准备雇用一些paid student technician

这些technician要住在宿舍，为了给大家提供24小时的服务。 作为回报，住宿的费用减低一半

Conversation： 女的觉得这是个好主意，第一点. 她有一次做作业做到很晚， 电脑freeze了， 修不好，她只能抱着一大堆书去图书馆用电脑。 但是第二天她一个朋友说这是个很简单的问题，一下子就解决了，如果有student technician能帮她解决这个问题，就太好了。

第二点，降低一半的住宿费很不错，因为住宿费太贵了， 她也想去竞选这个职位

Sample Answer:

The university plans to hire some paid studenttechnician to help the students who have computer problems.

The woman in the listening agrees with it for tworeasons.

First, once she was dealing with her assignmentlate at night, and her computer broke down. She couldn't fix it, so she couldonly go to the library with a bundle of books to do her homework. It was veryannoying. But the next day, one of her friend helped her fix her computer atone blow.

Second, cutting the accommodation in half wouldbe great. She really wants to apply for the job.

12. 学校要开展环境保护项目，提高学生的环保意识，现在的环境专业在读学生才能参加。听力：男生反对。1. 现在大部分学生的环保意识已经非常强烈，出门都会关灯，不存在告示里说的环保意识薄弱的现象，学校的样本数据太小。2.项目应该向全体学生成员开放，特别是项目还要提供相关方面的培训。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to carry out environmentalprotection activities.

The man in the listening disagrees with it fortwo reasons.

First, now most of students have very strongenvironmental awareness. They always turn off the light when they leave. Thesample data is too small.

Second, the university should open it to allstudents.

13. 閱讀材料是學校通知下學期將開設interviewskill workshop，會請外？面的職業？人？士來學

校模擬interview，幫學？生更好的準備以後找？工作。對話？里兩個？人都很喜歡這個

program，因為1，附近的其他學校都沒有開設這個program，所以他們會變得

competitive;2，除了能教你skill，meeting and chattingwith這些不同？行業的？人能夠

build up connections。

Sample Answer:

The university plans to establish interview skillworkshop starting next semester and invite some professionals to give a mockinterview.

The student in the listening agrees with it fortwo reasons.

First, other schools don't have this program. Sothe students will become more competitive.

Second, the mock interview will not only teachsome practical skills, but also provide a chance to chat with the professionalsand build up connections with them.

14. 建议信：学生建议学校取消在宿舍休息室里的电视，两个原因：1.有了电视大家都不聊天了，都各看各电视;2.电视声音会打扰到附近宿舍的学生。

男生反对这个建议，原因：1.食堂是大家放松的地方，电视是给大家放松用的，要学可以去图书馆，撤电视对其他学生不公平。另外大家一起看了电视节目才会有谈资，尤其是political的，学生们可能会有strong opinion,然后就会share;2.只要关上休息室的门就不会打扰到周围的人了，学校可以在房间门上put a sign to remind students。。

Sample Answer:

The written letter suggests that the universityshould remove the television in the lounge.

The man in the listening is strongly against theproposal for two reasons.

First, lounge is the place for relaxation.Watching TV is very relaxing. If some students need to study, they can go tothe library. Removing the television is totally unfair. Students can talk aboutsome political TV programs. Different students might hold different views onthe issue and then they will share with each other.

Second, if it is noisy, they can close the doorof the lounge. So it won't disturb other students nearby. And the universitycould also put up a sign to remind students.

15. 阅读是一封来自professor给学生每人都发的一封邮件，关于下学期的教学策略。内容是：首先，要求每个人在最后完成assignments之后，会被教授叫到办公室进行one-on-one talk，谈一下这个学生的成绩，解释清楚为毛给这个成绩;另外，允许学生对他问他questions from classwork，包括当时在课堂上没有机会问老师的问题。

听力，男的非常赞同(女的酱油)。理由是，第一，学生们经常碰到最后考试成绩低于自己期望值的情况，但是又很尴尬不能去问老师到底为毛这么低，这样教授提供一个解释，就让他们释然了;第二是，能够问老师更多问题当然是很好的，当时课堂基本就是听教授的lecture，没什么机会提问，这又是机会了。

16. University decision : no parking of first year undergraduate student to reduce traffic problem. conversation-> The man doest agree, 1.because there are 8,500 freshmen applying for school parking. The decision won't resolve the traffic problem.需求的车位远远大于100个 2. University should build new parking lots. For example, there is a empty space behind football play ground.

TASK FOUR

1. impact bias

2. General的观点，human behavior是consists of a serial of simple behavior。有一种方法叫chaining，教授给个例子，他给她女儿教的洗手动作分解：1.开水龙头，2.把手伸出来，3.打肥皂，4.把手收回，5.关水龙头。然后他女儿就会洗手了。

Sample Answer:

The professor gives us an example to illustratethe concept of behavior chaining. For example, one day the professor taught hisdaughter to wash hands. He divided motions up into a series of steps—turned onthe tap, put hands out, soaped hands, pulled hands back and turned off the tap.

3. 说学习兴趣 给了一个定义 就是教学的时候 要把书本材料和学生现有兴趣联系起来 教授聚了一个他老婆的例子 讲居里夫人 一开始学生们都不能集中精力 后来他老婆找到一个关于居里夫人的电影， 说了一些他的发明 和故事， 很多对电影感兴趣的同学也就开始对居里夫人感兴趣， 注意力很容易就集中了。InterestBoosting teacher sometimes use this technique to boost the interest of studentsin class by showing the material of the subject. For example, the speaker'swife teaches science in high school, when she tried to showing something( Iforgot the name), students do not seem to care about that. Then his wife usethe strategy by bring the copy of the movie which related to the subject,because she thinks that students love that movie and the main actor, as aresult, student really paid more attention on that.

Sample Answer:

Theprofessor gives us an example to illustrate the concept of ( )

The professor's wife is teaching science in highschool. One day, she lectured on Madame Curie. At first, the students seemedunconcerned and distracted. Then she successfully drew the students' attentionback to the class by broadcasting them a movie-Madame Curie meanwhile she wasintroducing some inventions and stories about Curie. Students loved that movieand the main character. As a result, the students got more involved in and paidmore attention to the class.

4. 文本讲了stimulusdiscrimination 例子说seal海豹听声音来决定keep oneating还是leave，动物可以根据判断sound，smell，movement来得知其他物种的情况

lecture里教授列举了一种X动物，这种动物能根据判断sound来知道别的动物是否要捕猎他们。如果对方的声音不complex，他们就知道对方没有攻击的意思，就继续自己的eating，它们才不浪费自己的energy呢;如果对方的声音complex，它们就知道对方要捕食它们了，这是就要escape了。

Sample Answer:

Theprofessor gives us one example to explain the concept of stimulusdiscrimination.

Forexample, seals will decide to keep on eating or escape based on its predators'sound, smell and movement. If their predators make a simple sound then sealsknow that the predators don't attempt to attack, so they are gonna keep oneating and won't waste energy to escape. If their predators make complex sound,then seals know that they are gonna be preyed on. So they would decide toescape.

5. 【课文要点】：

personality attribution error:

人们总会把错误归结为personality上面，而忽略了一些客观的外部条件。

【教授举例】：

教授(男)用自己的例子做了解释。一次他参加一个会议，迟到了十分钟，他很安静的进入会场，没打扰到其他人。在会中教授向演讲者(女)问了一个问题，但是她并没有搭理教授，而且看着有些生气。教授后来了解了情况才意识到，女演讲者在会议开始就说了今天时间紧张，让大家不要提问，下次开会的时候再提问。而女演讲者以为教授故意忽略了她一开始做的说明，她并不知道教授迟到了，没听到她做那个说明。

6. Reading: natural consequence讲的小孩做错事，大人可以不用惩罚，由着做错事的结果来惩罚孩子。

Listening: 教授5岁的女儿经常把玩具放在后院，平常教授都帮女儿收拾。一天女儿还是把玩具放在后院，教授没有帮收拾，那天晚上下雨，把他的玩具损坏了，女儿在这件事后认识到自己的错，以后再也不把玩具放在后院了。

7. 第四题是讲生物分工的，为了获得更高的效率。讲的一种动物以树叶为食，它们在工作中分成三组：第一组负责把叶片从树上弄下来，第二组在地上成堆的叶子中将其切成适合搬运的小块，第三组将这些小块搬回巢穴。最后说这样的话它们避免了来回跑而过早耗尽体力。

8. internal competition

reading passage:

companies have some successful products 占据市场;但它们会introduce new products, 于是consumers 不买旧的买这个公司新的了。所以internal competition 意味着同个公司内部new products 抢了established products的profits， 简单来说就是公司内部自己的新旧产品之间竞争。但这是没办法的，必须引进新产品，因为新产品才能和别的公司竞争。

lecture:

教授说自己当教授前是一个automobile公司的总监之类的，他们公司之前有个top sell的small cars, 长得不好看但实用安全。后来别的公司的车挺时尚的，于是他公司为了竞争也产了一款新的more stylish的车。于是他公司的拥趸不买旧款买新款了。但这是必须的，因为为了come up with其他公司，与其他公司竞争

9. Reading: emotion display? (情绪表达规则). It means the expression of emotion depends onthe society in which we are live in.

Listening: professor uses an example of his 4years’ old daughter. She had a birthday party last year. Prior to the party,parents told her that she should hide the negative emotion when she didn’t likethe gift received.

Her grandmother gave her a cute clothes as agift. But the girl didn’t like it and felt disappointed. Before her negativeemotion became too obvious, her mom said the clothes was very cute. The girlsuddenly realized that she should say thank you to grandmother and she didthat.

10. 环境的selfpurification。 听力举例说森林里的stream，落叶会掉里面，如果不及时清理的话就把河道堵住了，影响水里的生物生存。好在stream能self purification，里面的微生物能broke down叶子然后吃掉，这样树叶就不会大量的堆积水里。

11. 先听了一段话，讲了动植物之间的关系，用的蜜蜂和花的关系。先说蜜蜂和花可以互惠。蜜蜂采蜜当食物，同时给花传播花粉。后来又说了，还有一种情况就是不平等关系。例举有一种花有很鲜艳的颜色，引诱蜜蜂去采蜜，但是其实没有花蜜。虽然蜜蜂没有采到花蜜，但是还是传播了花粉。最后问，花的花粉可以传播，但是蜜蜂得到了什么呢

12. contrast effect

大概意思就是说，人们在看一件东西的时候，往往会拿它和另外一个类似的东西比较，而不是基于这个东西本身的价值。 在人评价人的时候，往往会拿一个认识的人和他比较

lecture：教授举了自己的例子， 自己年轻的时候去找房子，一开始看了很多烂房子small and crap，很受不了。 突然看到了一个还可以的bigger and seems nicer。 就定下来了。 因为和前面的房子比较。 但是等他搬进去，发现还是太小，他的家具什么的都放不下，而且现在看起来也没有那么nice。 他还是应该更耐心一点去找更多的。

13. ？一business class介紹了fast following這個concept，which means？一些公司不願意be

the first to try new products，於是如果別的公司推出了innovative的new product，

他們會快速效仿。例？子是？一video game company顛覆傳統，？用感應？人的動作的

movement sensor代替controller(不就是wii嗎。。。。。。)，市場反應很好。於是

另外？一家公司？馬上效仿這個做法，？而且還improve了他們的graphic quality，所以市場

上？人們都灰常like it and buy it。

14. Echolocation: detect objects or position throughthe refection of sound.

In the lecture, the professor use bat as anexample. First, it can detect location through echolocation to avoid crash on atree. Second, it can detect the mouse to prey it.

教授举了蝙蝠抓老鼠的例子，靠声波定位，一是判断是什么东西，大小如何，位置在哪里。二是辨别这是老鼠，还是树。三是判断离猎物的距离，是不是越来越接近了

15. 主要是说人们对做一件事情有兴趣，但是在会有压力，有有利的地方也有弊端。approach-avoidance conflict.这个产生的原因是当一个人有了一个目标以后，会被这个目标的优点所吸引，而趋近这个目标，但是也会因为这个目标的缺点而想要回避这个目标，尤其是在很接近这个目标的时候。

听力：教授举例他的一个朋友，立志当老师。由于之前没有做过老师，对这个职业非常有兴趣。刚开始的时候热情高涨，而且也很努力，最后终于成为了老师。但是等她做了老师之后，发现原来老师要做那么那么的工作，除了上课之外，课外也要做很多工作，不得不放弃自己的周末休息时间去批改作业，准备下周的课。当老师是她的毕生理想，但是她只是很喜欢在教室里讲课和与学生互动的感觉。现在却发现老师更多的工作是在教室外，因此开始产生stress，甚至有点抵触情绪，害怕做老师。问题：解释approach-avoid conflict.

16. 心理学的概念extinction，extinction of behavior(意思是行为得不到reward就会停止，最后消失)讲座举例子，说妈妈带孩子去超市。小孩看到cookie要买，不给买就大哭，妈妈give in买了，这样就是encourage 了孩子，建议办法是下次在领他去商店时候，ignore him，就让他哭，次数多了，孩子就习惯了，知道这种行为不对。

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TASK FIVE

1. 男生急著要完成藝術 paper，但必需要去museum才能完成，而museum 明天就要關門了，只能今晚去，可是這個男生今晚又有課要上。

女生給了兩個建議：

(1)向負責 paper 的教授請求延遲交，男生說這樣教授會生氣的;

(2)向今晚上課的老師請假，然後去museum，缺的內容可以回來再抄筆記，(男生從不缺課，上課的老師會體諒他)。

Sample Answer:

Theman has a problem. He has a paper about art to finish. He needs to go to themuseum but the museum will close tomorrow. He could also go there tonight buthe's got a class to take.

Thereare two solutions available.

Hecould either ask the professor for a deadline extension or ask for a leave ofabsence of the class tonight and go to the museum. He could copy other notesfor the missing part.

Ipersonally recommend him to take the first solution.

Weought to decide what priority the emergency rated. If he took the firstsolution, the professor might get agree at him, but he deserves it. Heshouldn't have waited until the last minute to write his paper. If he took thesecond solution, even the professor doesn't mind his absence, but learning withthe professor will never be the same as copying notes. He'll never get themissing part of the class.

2. 男学生下周有一个Job interview,但是他把他的Suit忘在家里了.女同学给他两个建议,一是可以找他的roommate借,问题是roommate的衣服稍微有一点大，lookssluggish.另一个建议是去买一套,但是这就意味这这个男人要把自己本来用来买自行车的钱花掉,而且这个自行车是他一直想要的.问题: 请叙述这个男人的问题,并且说明女人给他的建议,你认为那个好?

Sample Answer

The man has a problem. He’s going to a jobinterview, but he left his suit back in home. There are two solutionsavailable. He could either borrow a suit from his roommate or buy a new suit.

I personally recommend him to buy a new suit.Even he wants to use this money to buy a bicycle, but I think we have to lookupon matters with a long-term perspective. If he gets the job, he could use hiswage to buy the bicycle. By contrast, if he borrows his roommate’s suit whichis a litter bigger. He will look sluggish and leave a very bad first impressionto the interviewer and lose the job opportunity close at hand. (120)

3. 困难: 有个男生Sam负责在学校放电影，然后这星期他还请到了professor来介绍电影(在电影放映前)。但是professor临时家里有事就cancel了这个lecture. Sam自己就想了两种解决办法，一是reschedule, 但是怕好多学生临时没看到通知还是去了。另外一种是他自己准备材料讲，但是就会少了Q&A环节，因为他没办法回答学生问题。

Sample Answer:

The man Sam has a problem. He is in charge ofbroadcasting movies. He invited a professor to give an introduction of themovie before it played. But the professor temporarily canceled the appointmentbecause of some private affairs at home.

There are two solutions available.

Sam could either reschedule the show or prepareand do the introduction part in person.

I recommend him to do the introduction part byhimself. Since if he rescheduled the show, many students who didn't receive theinformation would show up on time. They must be very disappointed or fly into arage. And plus, if he's worrying about not being able to give the Q&Asession. I suggest him to collect the questions and send them to the professorlater by email and get the feedbacks from the professor and put them online.

4. man的roommate要搬到in campus，所以他要找一个新室友。俩solution，一个是前室友的朋友，人不错但是有些messy。第二个是学校里贴advertisement。问你支持哪个，为啥。

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. His roommate is moving offcampus, so he has to make a decision about his living arrangement.

There are two solutions for him.

The first solution is to live with his previousroommate's friend.

The second solution is to post advertisementtrying to get a new roommate.

Personally, I recommend him to take the firstsolution. Although he's worried that his roommate's friend is nice but has verybad living habits. He always makes room messy. But I think they can make a dealto clean up the room in turns. Look if he takes the other solution, the resultwould be worse. (worry缺失)

5. 女生的脚踝在她踢球的时候受伤了，没办法开车，而她还有个兼职去教书，到那里没有公车，想搭计程车，太贵;男生也觉得出租贵，建议她找个朋友搭她去;女生说到那里太远，要个把小时，她让朋友带过，但不好意思经常让朋友麻烦。简述女生的问题和提出的解决方法，说出你的建议。

Sample Answer:

The woman has a problem. When she played soccer,she sprained her ankle. Unfortunately, She has a part time job to teach in alocal school. Now she couldn't drive and there's no bus that goes directly tothe school.

There are two solutions for her.

The first solution is to take a taxi.

The second solution is to make her friend driveher to the school.

I personally recommend the first solution.Although she's worried that taking a taxi is too expensive. But I think of twoevils the least should be taken. Look, if she takes the other solution, theresult would be worse. That school is very far away from her campus. It'll takeher friend a couple of hours to drive her there. That's bothering.

6. 【学生困难】：男生的朋友送了他一张今天晚上演唱会的门票，演唱会有他最喜欢的band的演出，但是男生有一个history paper明天要交，时间冲突了。

【解决方案】：

1. 去演唱会，回家再写paper, 但是要熬通宵;

2. 不去演唱会，把票给别人。但是这个演唱会N年一次，错过了可能很多年以后才能听到。

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He has a ticket to a concerttonight where there is his favorite band. But unfortunately, he has to dealwith a history paper due tomorrow.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to go to the concert, andwrite the paper later at night.

The second solution is to give the ticket tosomeone else.

I personally recommend the second solution.

Although he's worried that he doesn't want missthe concert or he has to wait for a couple years to hear it again. But I thinkof two evils the least should be taken. If he takes the other solution, theresult would be worse. He has to stay up late at night and be less energetic inclasses the next day. That's worse.

7. 第五题是一个男生管女生借了笔记，约好了今天早上还回去，但是女生早上联系不到，明天就要考试了，男生马上也有事情。旁边的人给了两个建议，一个是直接去宿舍把本子交给室友，但是男生会迟到;另一个是将其放入信箱中并发短信告知，但可能女生收到时会耽误很多时间。

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He's supposed to returnthe note to the girl this morning. They'll have an exam tomorrow. But he can'tconnect with the girl.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to go to the girl's dormand give the note to her in person.

The second solution is to leave the note to themail box and send the girl a message and let her get the note by herself.

I personally recommend the first solution.Although he's worried that, he might be late for his class, but I think onecan't not stand without credit. He has to keep his words. And if he takes theother solution, the result would be worse. The girl might waste some time toget the note and get behind in her study.

8. 男同学有个作业就是同一个叫Sara的女同学搭档演舞台剧，可是搭档病了。

女生建议：explain thesituation to the prof.,改天演;男生不同意，reschedule到下周，下周还有另一个play要演;男生自己有个想法：男同学说Sara演得很好，他想给她打电话看她能否带病坚持演出。(女生说真是good friend)，但男生觉得不好(不人道)

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He's supposed to play arole in a drama. But his partner Sara got sick.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to reschedule the play tonext week.

The second solution is the ask Sara to play inspite of her illness.

I personally recommend the first solution.Although he's worried that he has another play to deal with next week. He'sgonna be so busy. But I think of two evils the least should be taken. Look, ifhe takes the other solution, the result would be worse. Sara might get worse.That's not humane.

9. 女学生今天第一天到报社实习，但是又感冒了，就纠结去不去，一个是跟boss说因为感冒就不去了，改天。一个又觉得第一天应该给个好印象，吃点药再坚持去。

Sample Answer:

The woman has a problem. It is the first day ofher internship in school newspaper. But she got a bad cold.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to explain to the boss andask for a leave of absence.

The second solution is to take some medicine andgo.

I personally recommend her to take the firstsolution. Although she's worried that she might give a very bad impression tothe boss on the first day. But I think of two evils the least should be taken.Look, if she takes the other solution, she might get worse. Sound health is thecapital of revolution.

10. 一女生要为她们的club的活动做接待。方法一，自己去，但有物理课不能去了，学生会对他印象不好。二室友去，但是室友不是她们这个club里的，但是她很友好，可以招更多人。club affair 和radio club tomorrow时间有冲突

Sample Answer:

The woman has a problem, she's a receptionist inher club.(信息不完整，可能是这个活动的receptionist有什么情况来不了了。注意考试仔细听)

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to take the position byherself.

The second solution is to ask her roommate totake her place.

I personally recommend her to take the firstsolution. Although she's worried that she has a physics class to take. But Istill of two evils the least should be taken. Look, if she takes the othersolution, the result would be worse. Her roommate isn't in her club. She hasher own duty. So asking her roommate to help her but abandon her own duty is soselfish.

(这个her太乱了，考试是注意听她室友的名字，说名字，估计又叫Sara...)

11. Problem: The man has to choose a father routewith more traffic jam because his old route is being reconstructed, and he hasbeen late for the history classes for several times.

Solution 1: Wake up earlier than usual

Pro: He can arrive at school on time

Con: Sometimes he has to work until late atnight, and he won't be able to wake up early the next morning.

Solution2: He can take this class the nextsemester.

Pro: It won't be a problem because it's only been2 weeks since they started this semester.

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He has to take a fartherroute with more traffic jam to get to campus, because the old route is beingreconstructed. And he's been already late for the history classes for severaltimes.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to wake up earlier thanusual.

The second solution is to take the history classnext semester.

I recommend him to take the first solution.Although he's worried that sometimes he has to work late at night. So he won'tbe able to get up earlier the next morning the next morning. But I think, hehas to adapt to it. Of two evils the least should be taken. Look if he takesthe other solution, the result would be worse. Don't charge any tasks totomorrow because tomorrow never comes.

12. 问题： 男生需要在寒假帮历史教授写新书 不能回家。 但他同时是篮球队员，需要每天去gym锻炼。 不过学校的gym冬天不开门

解决方法：1. 去town里面的gym。 有one-month-membership 刚好可以cover整个寒假。 里面有他需要的所有器材。 但是 75一个月太贵了 2. 去户外跑步。 但是会很冷。

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He's supposed to help theprofessor to write a new book during winter break. So he can't go home. Buthe's on the basketball team. He needs to practice in the gym every day. But thegym is closed during winter break.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to go to the gym in townwhere there are compete facilities. And it has one-month-membership which canjust cover the whole winter break.

The second solution is to run outside.

I recommend him to take the second solution.Although it is cold outside, but all adversities are just trials to succeed.Look, if he takes the other solution, the result would be worse. It'll cost him75$ a month. He's a student relying on his parents' hard-earned cash. He shouldnot squander money.

13. 男生要搬家需要搬家具。1,租卡车。但是小卡车都没有了，只剩下大卡车，要花更多的钱且没必要。2，用朋友的车。但是要来回跑几趟，费时费力。

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He's going to move offcampus. So he needs to rent a van.(瞎编的...)

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to rent a van.

The second solution is to borrow a van from hisfriend.

I recommend him to take the second solution.Although he's worried that he has to drive back and forth for several times.He's gonna be exhausted. But I think of two evils the least should be taken.Look, if he takes the other solution, the result would be worse. There is nosmall vans available but only big ones in the rental agency. He might have tospend more money for it. And as I know the best material must be used at thekey point. He doesn't want to squander his parents' hard-earned cash.

14. ？一男？生上星期回家visit parents，結果把guitar忘在家裡了，但他平時要和band排練最

近還準備開個concert。？女？生建議他回家拿，他說可以是可以，但是就是太耗時，最近都

是full schedule除了busy with class還有a paper to write。第？二個辦法是問？一朋友借，

但是朋友的吉他not as niceas his，？而且他也？用不慣。問你的建議和理由。

Sample Answer:

The man has a problem. He left his guitar back inhome. But he's going to play in a concert next week, he needs his guitar torehearse.

There are two solutions.

The first solution is to go back home and get hisguitar.

The second solution is to borrow a guitar fromhis friend.

I strongly recommend him to take the firstsolution. Although he's worried that he has to spend a lot of time going home.And he has a busy schedule with classes and some papers to deal with. But Ithink of two evils the least should be taken. Look, if he takes the othersolution, the result would be worse. His friend guitar is not as good as his.And he's not used to it. I mean, if he doesn't play well in the concert, hemight ruin other's efforts.

15. 女生有麻烦。女生买了一张今晚话剧的票，是莎士比亚的哈姆雷特。约好和朋友一起去。但是明天有一个非常重要的生物考试，本来准备今晚好好复习的。

Solution1: 带书去看play，路程大概一个小时，在路上先复习一部分，等看完话剧回来在完成剩下的部分。但是她担心在路上不能与朋友沟通social，朋友会不开心。

Solution2: 取消看话剧，专心复习一个晚上。但是她真的很想去看，而且已经买好票了。

16. 男生有麻烦。他要完成art historyproject，有一个paper要做。教授推荐了一本书，说没看这本书的话paper绝对做不好。但是这个教授同时给另外做同样topic的女生推荐了同样一本书，所以图书馆的only copy被那个女生捷足先登借走了，男生的时间很紧张。Solution1: 在网上买一本新的。男生认为太贵了，虽然网上有卖的，但是网购需要付额外的运费，而且完成这个paper之后，这本书可能就再也用不到了。Solution2: 跟那个借走书的女生商量一下，能不能共用一本书。男生说问过了，那个女生说等她用完之后就给他。但是那个女生不知道什么时候能够写完paper，再把书给男生。而这个paper下周就要交了，男生担心自己所剩时间不多，可能来不及完成paper，影响paper的质量。

TASK SIX

1. 心理学中的reinforcement,分为positivereinforcement和negative reinforcement两种，即增加能够激发个人兴趣的东西和消除自己不喜欢的东西。

教授具体举了两个能实现早起上班的例子。

1. positive (add the pleasure): 早起奖励自己好的food, 这样就可以让你喜欢早起这种behavior.

2. negative (remove the unpleasant behavior), 不喜欢早上shower, 那么可以改在晚上，这样人也就不会那么讨厌早起。

Sample Answer:

Theprofessor's describing two kinds of reinforcement.

Thefirst one is positive reinforcement. For example, people who hate to get upearlier to work could reward themselves by having a very nice breakfast. Thenthey might likely rise with lark.

Thesecond one is negative reinforcement. For example, people who hate to shower inthe morning could change to have a shower in the evening. Then they would bemore likely to get earlier.

2. two things ancient human learned to keep the fireburning.

第一，technical knowledge. 发现木头烧完后fire die out.偶然明白木头是燃料，要keep burning, 就要add wood. 这是Technical understanding。

第二，social skills 如果大家同时睡觉，火就灭了，因此明白了合作的重要性，要轮流看火。

Sample Answer:

The professor is describing two ways by whichancient human kept fire burning.

The first way is technical knowledge. Ancienthuman occasionally found that wood was the fuel to keep fire burning. They hadto keep adding wood, or the fire would die out. The second way is socialskills. Ancient human noticed that if they all went to sleep at the same timeand no one kept an eye on the fire, the fire would went out. So they realizedthe importance of cooperation. So they took their turn being on night duty.

3. comparative marketing risk1 让公众知道了competitor的名字,publicity of the name 例子 某某

soup的广告让观众把taste better和竞争对手的名字联系起来 risk2 insult consumers 例子 某A香波广告

说某B香波广告不好，会insult某B香波的使用者。

4. 讲广告让受众接受产品的两个方法，一个是在合适的时间让受众看到，举的例子是玩具车的广告要在孩子们喜欢的电视节目的时间段播出，第二个好像是要和实际的产品结合(记不清了)，举得例子似乎是他女儿和朋友们有个小玩具，然后最近要有关于这个玩具的节目上映了。

5. 教授说在深海中，有些鱼能通过身体的某些器官发光来躲避捕食者，有两种途径，举了两个例子：一个较D的鱼从嘴里发出光，突然找到捕食者，让它们背光刺激的无法辨识，然后乘机逃走;另一种鱼是通过身体发光，让捕食者无法看到自己的影子，而逃过被捕食。描述这两种鱼是怎样躲避捕食的。

Protecting method of some fish in the deep sea.

use light:1 to confuse the predator---deep sea shrimp: burst out light from its mouth, directly to the face of predator, then escape to cover the black shadow of itself---hatching fish: constant light in its stomach, camouflages the shadow made by its body, so the predator won't see it.

6. 第六题讲的是两种商业障碍(CommercialBarrier)：资金障碍和客户忠诚度障碍，分别都是以建健身房作为例子，前者是你如果要建先要花大笔钱买器具，之后才能赚钱;后者是如果已经有了一个，你需要想办法提供新东西把客户从之前的那个吸引过来。

7. 教授讲两种鸟如何伪装自己的nest防止自己的baby被predator吃掉。一个是用自然的屏障，举例magpie，把nest 藏在 bushes and shrubs里面，用树丛和有尖刺的枝保护自己的巢。另外一种是用隐藏的方法。非洲一种Hxxxx鸟的策略是把nest藏在hollow tree里面 自己建一个door，自己造障碍，用粘土把开口搞的很小, 让mate可以通过这个door给baby喂食，门关上后可以伪装起来，捕食者不容易发现。

8. 商业课：说不好的logo会损害company，举2个例：第一个例子没听懂是个干啥的公司，说什么dark color会让消费者认为该公司产品不好;第二个例子是个卖手机的公司，结果logo的产品都是过时的(可能是父母年轻时候用的)，人们就不买他的手机，因为跟不上技术的发展，太落后了

9. Question 6 【讲课要点】：

美国发展快，主要原因之一就是railroad的发展：

1. 方便商品运输，举例，某钟表公司，有了铁路，可以让很多人都购买他的钟表，不仅仅是那些本地的或周围的，比较远的地方的人们也可以购买;

2. 让公司located in new area，举例，某公司依靠煤，有跌路后他们就可以选择更好的地点而不是只在煤矿周围，因为跌路运输可以让他们得到煤。

the effectof the expansion of rail road to the business:

1panies can sell products to all over the country

2. canlocate the factories on places where lack of natural resources like coal

10. fast current 的河里面的鱼遇到challenge， 第一，水流太快，无法停留在一个地方，会被水流冲下去。 catfish，有着big和muscular的fin(鱼鳍) 可以swimagainst水流;第二，水流太快，携带的食物无法吃到。 另一种鱼trout有一种behavior可以解决这个问题。 一般来说河流中间的水最快，但是岸边的水慢，trout就一直在岸边附近，这样就能吃到food--16

11. 老小公司广告的两种途径

途径一，concentrateon a small group of people.

例子: computerrepair company can put Ads in local newspaper which would cost less money.

途径二，jointmarketing

例子: computerrepair company can exchange flyers with a company selling new computers thismethod can expand the reach of new consumers.

12. Lecture，關於migrating animal’s characteristics的，？一是這些migrating animal由於

要做？長途遷徙to reach their destination，會更focus，不會被別的東？西easily disturb

到，相對來說，local birds？一發現food就很瞎亂興奮。。。。。？二是migrating animal

tend to move in straight line，例？子是migrating shark會？用geomagnetism來定位直線

移動，？而local animal就傾向于瞎亂移動來找？食物。。。。。。。!

13. 讲陆地生物怎么对付水下缺氧的办法，一个是降低slow down body fuction，降低心率减少需氧量，提到一个动物为例，忘了，另外一个办法是减少呆在水下的时间，一种鸟盘旋在水上，看见鱼后迅速潜入水中，身上的皮肤好像有一个功能阻止离地太远。

14. 听力，教授讲了两种types ofcompany growth：internal growth andexternal growth(就是内部和外部的区别)。internal的方式是reinvestment给自己公司，购置新的机器，对员工进行培训等。举例Wilson 超市公司，公司有很多老旧的机器(收银机)，工作效率很低。后来公司购置了新机器，工作效率一下子就提高了。因此吸引了很多新的顾客到店里，因为大家很快就能够结账，节省了很多时间。从而公司利润增长。external就是增加分公司之类的，increase the number of their location就是投资并购相似的企业，购买企业的同时会得到其客户群。还是举例Wilson，并购了许多超市，同时也得到了客户群。顾客不会因为超市的名字改变了就不去了。通过并购相似企业的方式，Wilson成长了，同时名字也变成了Wilsons。

15. 教授介绍了两个basicprocesses of creating sculpture. 1. 去除式 subtractive process. 就是用cut away的方法来进行，比如在坚硬的东西上刻，如木头石头。但这个方法的特点是做错了不能补救lack the inspiration，因为切掉了就是切掉了，放不回去了。比如在刻鼻子的时候，如果刻出来的鼻子你不喜欢，只能整张脸重刻。2. 添加式 additive process. 就是往上加东西的方法，比如在clay或者plastic上刻，一点一点往上加东西，不喜欢的鼻子cut掉，换上新的即可。这种方式允许犯mistake.

16. Business management。关于商业管理。创业企业需要经济支持，因此要找投资商。找之前需要准备两份材料business plan (long, detailed)和executive summary计划书 (most important, interesting to investors.)。

Business plan包括很多细节，厚得像书一样，是给投资人深入分析的，然后才能决定是否投资。但是很多投资商都很忙，且商业计划书内容有些boring。因此投资商只有时间看概要，来确定是否继续看计划书的内容。于是概要summary需要很简短，只包括关键部分key，而且要有吸引力，能够引起投资商的兴趣。例子：教授的朋友开了一家家具店，以前的计划书基本没人看。后来通过概要，引起了很多投资商的兴趣并且给他投资。

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