托福阅读细节题四类干扰项分析

细节题（或称事实信息题factual information questions）是托福阅读中最常见的题型之一，要求考生根据题干要求，从原文中定位解析相关细节信息，排除干扰选出正确答案。笔者在教学实践中发现，该题型常见的干扰项设置方式不外乎以下四种：

1. 张冠李戴型

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?

○Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
　　○The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
　　○The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
　　○Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.

分析：此题中的选项3说今天我们可以得到的大多数材料是木头、石头和砖头。显然，文章中说这是过去的建筑材料，而今天人们可以设计任何所需的材料。这是典型的“张冠李戴”。

2. 以偏概全型

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly.

During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?

○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society
　　○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply
　　○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies
　　○To increase the society’s prosperity

分析：此题中的选项2说帮助社会成员更好地理解能够控制他们食物供给的力量。显然，文章中阴影部分提到的是要意识到能够影响他们食物供给的源泉还有他们幸福生活的源泉。说白了，不仅仅是物质方面的，还有精神层面的。

3. 无中生有型

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change.

As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

○Emphasizing theater as entertainment
　　○Developing a new understanding of why events occur
　　○Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters
　　○Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition

分析：此题中的选项1说把戏剧视为娱乐，但原文从头到尾都没谈到娱乐；选项3说人们找到了更聪明的办法，但文章也没提到方法；选项4中的某些宗教仪式从最初的口头形式到书面形式，原文也没有提及。这些都是典型的“无中生有”，一种非常常见的干扰项设置方式。

4. 物极必反型

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.

In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

○Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.
　　○The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.
　　○The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.
　　○Before the early 1900s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

分析：此题的选项1说High Lands从来没有人定居过，但原文中并未出现never这个词。此类干扰项往往说某物只有、或绝对没有、或永远如何，即出现绝对词，如only, always, never等。

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