2014年8月30日托福阅读真题及解析

阅读词汇

slight=small                  adj. 轻微的、小的

provided = if                 conj.加入、倘若

intensive =strong             adj. 密集的、强烈的

exploit = take advantage of   v. 利用、使用

approach = come nearer        v.接近

indicative = suggesting       adj.标示的、指示的

confined = limited            v. 轮流、依次

agree on                      同意

maintain                      v.维持

reply                         v.回复

assume                        v.假设

suspect                       v.怀疑

preserve                      v.保存

therefore                     adv. 因此

unless                        adv. 除非

阅读一

解析：本文涉及到斯堪的纳维亚半岛社会发展，具体内容与 TP018 Industrialization in Netherland and Scandinavia有部分重合，如该地区近海地理位置等，而其他部分的社会发展因素也可参考下TPO 中历史人文类文章，因为历史类文章一般句子偏长，在阅读过程中较大的难点是句子精准理解。

原文：

Scandinavia is a historical and cultural-linguistic region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethno-cultural Germanic heritage and related languages, which includes the three kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula, whereas modern Denmark is situated on the Danish islands and Jutland. It has a development with three periods in three different regions. The first one is Maglemosian, next one is Kongemose,the last one is Erteballe. These 3 period were one by one and Kongemose is much bigger than Maglemosian and the Erteballe is the most high-tech one.

Comparing with Scandinavia, places in the Europe are not so extreme. The southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate. Scandinavian extends north of the Artic Circle, but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Much of the Scandinavian Mountains have an alpine tundra climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of the last glacial period, which ended about ten millennium ago.

The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied, Notable are the Norwegian fjords, the Scandinavian Mountains, the flat, low areas in Denmark, and the archipelagos of Sweden and Norway. Sweden has many lakes and moraines, legacies of the ice age. There are a lot of fishes just by the seaside so people can get food much easier than in Scandinavia. In order to make a living, people gather together to hunt for food and build houses. However, people in other areas are isolated by forests so that people just rely on some predictable food like fruits or nuts. They also use satellite to find somewhere to live or some food to hunt.

With the rapid development of agriculture, social organization have been greatly formed. This social organization is really complicated and it make so much contribution to the coming history. Different people are in charge of different work and they all try their best to finish the assignment so that they could all make a living.

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阅读二

解析：

涉及到植物精华内容，可参考TPO25 The Evolutionary Origin Of Plants以及TPO32 Plant Conlonization等文章。从机经判断应该是问题解决性文章，在理解过程中重点抓住假说内容，及IIIiashuode支撑论据以及被推翻的原因，同事要客服生僻学科词汇造成的干扰。

原文：

The ancestry of flowers

Generally, we can learn about some natural history from the materials by precedents or the information in some fossils. It has been long time since scientists have concentrated on the study of flowers’ ancestry. With the conclusion of the current evidences, someone hold a certain opinion, while others hold another one, that is why there always exists some debates between these two groups of individuals. Due to these situation, it is obvious that an agreeable conclusion have not been given yet.

One of the hypothesizes is that there are two stages in the process of the flowers’ development, and one is the early stage and the other is the late stage. It is not difficult to imagine that the variety of the flowers in the early stage is relatively scarce, however, the scientists said that it can also be considered as abundant. With the late development of the flowers, more and more kinds of flowers occupy the mainland.

The other hypothesizes is that the flowers spread their life tracks from the tropics to the polar regions in its early stage, that is to say, they put their weight on the reproductions in the polar regions. They find the suitable places for the growing up of their seeds, and obtain the water as well as nutrients from the surrounding environment, developing much more stronger and fabulously. As a consequence, in the late stage of the spread, it is in the polar regions, these flowers’ kinds are more than those in the tropics. Situations in many islands can provide this hypothesis with solid evidences. It seems that scientists can reach an agreement on the ancestry of the flowers, and let the study come to the end. Surprisingly, some tracks found in the South Pacific islands have contradicted the hypothesis, leading these scientists to be stuck in the puzzle again. Even though they are confident in the hypothesis, the situation in the islands has told them that what they have pour their great interest in is obviously wrong. So the end of the study can be considered as another beginning of these studies about the flowers’ ancestry.

As the study goes more deeper, the scientists in these area also found another site containing the information about flowers in Beijing, a sites which we can track 130 million years ago, that is to say, the ancestry timing point has to be put off again, letting those scientists stuck in the puzzle again and again.

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阅读三

解析：

本文涉及到近年来常考的动物群居问题，纵观多篇群居=和独居的机经文章，关注点均为群居和独居的优缺点，不同的是本文直接关注的是群居角度，并结合捕食者和被捕食的关系讲解，在阅读过程中重点关注群居的好处和strategy，以及捕食者的应对方案，提取框架性内容。

原文：

Herd

When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a herd, the implication is that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or coordination. Rather, each individual is choosing behaviour that corresponds to that of the majority of other members, possibly through imitation or possibly because all are responding to the same external circumstances. A herd can be contrasted with a coordinated group where individuals have distinct roles. Many human groupings, such as army detachments or sports teams, show such coordination and differentiation of roles, but so do some animal groupings such as those of eusocial insects, which are coordinated through pheromones and other forms of animal communication.

The question of why animals group together is one of the most fundamental in sociobiology and behavioural ecology. As noted above, the term herd is most commonly used of grazing animals such as ungulates, and in these cases it is believed that the strongest selective pressure leading to herding rather than a solitary existence is protection against predators. There is clearly a tradeoff involved, since on the one hand a predator may hesitate to attack a large group of animals, while on the other a large group offers an easily detected target. In the case of predators, it is often unclear whether the term herd is appropriate, since there may be some degree of coordination or role differentiation in group hunting. Predator groups are commonly smaller than grazing groups, since although a pack may be more effective at pulling down prey than a single animal, the prey then has to be shared between all members, so that the weaker animals will often be better off hunting smaller prey on their own.

A herd is by definition relatively unstructured. However, there may be one or a few animals which tend to be imitated by the rest of the members of the herd more than others. An animal taking this role is called a "control animal", since its behaviour will predict that of the herd as a whole. It cannot be assumed, however, that the control animal is deliberately taking a leadership role. Control animals are not necessarily, or even usually, those that are socially dominant in conflict situations, though they frequently are. Group size is an important characteristic of the social environment of gregarious species.

Domestic animal herds are assembled by humans for practicality in raising them and controlling them. Their behaviour may be quite different from that of wild herds of the same or related species, since both their composition (in terms of the distribution of age and sex within the herd) and their history (in terms of when and how the individuals joined the herd) are likely to be very different.

The term herd is also applied metaphorically to human beings in social psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour. However both the term and concepts that underlie its use are controversial.

The term has acquired a semi-technical usage in behavioral finance to describe the largest group of market investors or market speculators who tend to 'move with the market,' or 'follow the general market trend.' This is at least a plausible example of genuine herding, though according to some researchers it results from rational decisions through processes such as information cascade and rational expectations. Other researchers, however, ascribe it to non-rational process such as mimicry, fear and greed contagion. "Contrarians" or contrarian investors are those who deliberately choose to invest or speculate counter to the "herd".

关键词：8月30日 托福阅读 解析 托福考试 托福机经

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