2014年8月23日托福考试A卷全英文真题

Reading

① Personality traits

It is wide accepted that personality traits can determine people’s behavior. It can be obviously deducted that different people would have different behaviors according to their versatile personality traits. People with hot temper will certainly take opposite action when they are facing some angry circumstance comparing with those modest people. Of course a calm person will have different performance in comparison with people who can easily be angry.

But there is a professor argued that different environment will determine people’s behavior, other than personality traits. According to his research, people with different personality traits in the same environment could have the same behavior. Paralelly, people with the same personality traits in different environment also could have different behavior. Based on his research, he proposed that behavior is determined by different environment other than personality traits.

The public support this professor just on a little proportion. They proposed that aggressive behavior has much more long effect on personal behavior than single traits. According to some research, people could have some aggressive behavior no matter what kind of personality traits they have. They might have these aggressive behavior no matter what kind of circumstance they are under or what single traits they have. The complicated mixed personality traits can determine people’s behavior.

Most of them hold the opinion that personality traits can determine people’s behavior because it can be obviously deducted that different people would have different behaviors according to their versatile personality traits. But they also accept that versatile environment will have some affect on their behavior because people have different reaction to various circumstances so that they will behave differently based on those versatile circumstances.

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② Ancient Egypt

Normally, we can learn about the society of a country through the documents or some other writing materials on the stones or tablets. Even though some of these period are assent during the process of preservation, we can still learn a lot from the existing ones and have a good understanding of the classical regulation about the society,

The ancient Egypt, which possess a long history of the culture as well as regulation, located in the east Africa, being greatly influenced by the rainfall and also the flow of the surrounding river, and in addition, it was also imposed with the strict religious issues. However, the most attractive thing that most researchers pout their great interest in is the ancient regime in the Egypt.

It is well acknowledged that the ancient Egypt carried out the strictly various classes of individuals in their society, lasting for the whole different dynasty in their cultural history. Based on the birthplace and the family, they often classified the tribes with the same positions or functions in the society. Various in the same area can be considered as a temple, being conducted by the elder or other conductor. Not only did individuals in the temples followed his instructions but also they should have some rural memories in order to guarantee the normal operations of the whole society. Generally, individuals in the different communities did not share some good or commodities with each other, that is to say, they just shared daily things within their own community or temple. If they preferred to share something with individuals in the other ones, the goods or other things had to be given by the conductors or elders.

The individuals or farmers in the lowest class had to do the severe farming work given by the conductor, and except that they have to be charged with the higher taxes in order to have the opportunities or rights to utilize the field. The highest fees for farmer ever reached 60 percentage of the total incomes of the whole agricultural products. With the consideration that they are less likely to escape from the community even not affording to give the fees, they chose to send their children to get some education in order to take part in the examination, leading them to enter the higher class in the society, which ultimately would change the current situation of the society.

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③ Electricity Development

Thales' experiments with amber rods were the first studies into the production of electrical energy. While this method, now known as the triboelectric effect, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient. It was not until the invention of the voltaic pile in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available. The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the electrical battery, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electrical energy.The battery is a versatile and very common power source which is ideally suited to many applications, but its energy storage is finite, and once discharged it must be disposed of or recharged. For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines.

Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions; or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing water. The modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources. Such generators bear no resemblance to Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a changing magnetic field induces a potential difference across its ends.[49] The invention in the late nineteenth century of the transformer meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current. Efficient electrical transmission meant in turn that electricity could be generated at centralised power stations, where it benefited from economies of scale, and then be despatched relatively long distances to where it was needed.

Since electrical energy cannot easily be stored in quantities large enough to meet demands on a national scale, at all times exactly as much must be produced as is required. This requires electricity utilities to make careful predictions of their electrical loads, and maintain constant co-ordination with their power stations. A certain amount of generation must always be held in reserve to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses.

Demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernises and its economy develops. The United States showed a 12% increase in demand during each year of the first three decades of the twentieth century, a rate of growth that is now being experienced by emerging economies such as those of India or China.Historically, the growth rate for electricity demand has outstripped that for other forms of energy.

Environmental concerns with electricity generation have led to an increased focus on generation from renewable sources, in particular from wind and hydropower. While debate can be expected to continue over the environmental impact of different means of electricity production, its final form is relatively clean。

Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses.The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories.Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgeoning market for electrical lighting.

The Joule heating effect employed in the light bulb also sees more direct use in electric heating. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station.A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of electric heating in new buildings.Electricity is however a highly practical energy source for refrigeration, with air conditioning representing a growing sector for electricity demand, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate.

Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its earliest applications. With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe. Optical fibre and satellite communication technology have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.

The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power. A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a pantograph.

Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century,and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.

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Listening

Conversation 1

Student: Hi professor, do you have some time? I wanna talk to you about my research.

Professor: Sure, please come in.

Student：Last time you encouraged us to do some online research about our individual topic but I found there are quite scarce information on my topic.

Professor: The online research could be the most efficient channel if you don’t have time to the library. Sometimes you need to pay attention on what you are entering. The key words are crucial.

Student: Well, I do find some relevant information but they are unable to read unless you make a payment. The website only shows you part of the passage, I mean, maybe that the only part that is relevant to my research.

Professor: There are no contents for you to read?

Student: Not really. Even you want to read the contents you need to make the payment.

Professor: Well, don’t complain about that. When it comes to academic essays, author do wants people to respect what they write. So sometimes payment is necessary.

Student: That’s why I think to do the online research is not that good.

Professor: But it is possible to write to the writer directly. You can ask the author if he can send you the contents. I think most people would like to help.

Student: I guess that is the only way. Thank you.

Conversation 2

Student: May I come in professor Anderson?

Professor: Oh, hi Mark, how are you doing today.

Student: Great. Today when I pass the lecture hall I found our new school paper has come out.

Professor: Yes, it is exciting. Do you like it?

Student: I like it quite much. Since I am major in computer technology, I am thinking to build a website of our school paper.

Professor: That sounds great! Do you need any help?

Student: Yes, I went to the school newspaper office and they said I need to work with a professor who is in charge of this program. That’s why I am here today.

Professor: I am glad I can help. I have just begin to run this program but I think we can work it out together.

Student: I might also need some other student to help. I heard that the students in your class are quite good. Do you think we can invite some of them to do this program together?

Professor: Of Course. I will ask them in this afternoon.

Student: Great, we have one month to build the site. I will come back later with more information to you. Maybe you can show them to the student.

Professor: That is wonderful. Thanks.

Lecture 1

Disney is particularly noted for being a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He received fifty-nine Academy Award nominations and won twenty-six Oscars, including a record four in one year.

Mickey Mouse was based on a mouse Disney had adopted as a pet while working in a Kansas City studio.Ub Iwerks reworked on the sketches made by Disney so that it was easier to animate it. However, Mickey's voice and personality was provided by Disney. As many of the old animators have commented, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul." The mouse was originally named "Mortimer", but later christened "Mickey Mouse" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie, who was taller than his renowned adversary and had a Brooklyn accent.

The first animated short with Mickey in it was titled, Plane Crazy, which was, like all of Disney's previous works, a silent film. After failing to find a distributor for Plane Crazy or its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie.

In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", whose series was made into color in 1935 and soon launched spinoff series for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto;

When the film industry came to know about Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they dubbed the project as "Disney's Folly" and were certain that the project would destroy the Disney studio.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as the feature was named, was in full production from 1934 until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million in its original theatrical release. The success of Snow White, (for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes) The feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi, while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series.

Lecture 2

A thorough discussion of the ancient people of the Four Corners region would fill volumes. Indeed, more than one doctoral dissertation has been written on the topic. Many archaeologists have dedicated their entire careers to various aspects of the prehistory of this area. What we hope to do here is provide a very brief overview. With that, we will barely scratch the surface.

The Four Corners region of the Colorado Plateau has a very long cultural history dating back to the Paleo-Indian or early hunter-gatherers, c. 9500 to 7000 BC. Their sites are usually identified by the distinctive tools they left behind, e.g., the beautifully made Clovis and Folsom spear points.

The Archaic period began around 7000 BC and continued up to roughly AD 200. It saw a decline in the dependency on large game, and an increase in utilizing wild and eventually domesticated plants for food. The Archaic people were still highly nomadic, following seasonal food sources, both animal and plant. However, as they began to domesticate crops during the later Archaic period, they also began to stay in one place for longer periods of time, leading to more permanent settlements and ultimately to the village dwelling lifestyle of the Basketmaker and Pueblo periods.

The term "Anasazi" was adopted by archaeologists in 1927 and was utilized in the Pecos Classification system. Until fairly recently, it was the accepted term for the ancient people living in the Four Corners region of the Colorado Plateau.

Wetherill knew and worked with Navajos and understood what the word meant. The name was further sanctioned in archaeology when it was adopted by Alfred V. Kidder, the acknowledged dean of Southwestern Archaeology. Kidder felt that it was less cumbersome than a more technical term he might have used. Subsequently some archaeologists who would try to change the term have worried that because the Pueblos speak different languages, there are different words for "ancestor," and using one might be offensive to people speaking other languages.'

While some modern Pueblo peoples, and many non-Native American peoples, object to the use of the term "Anasazi", they do not agree on an acceptable native alternative. Each distinct group has a different word for the same concept. The Hopi prefer either "Hisatsinom" or "ancestral pueblo". The Navajo Nation Department of Archaeology refuses to use the phrase "ancestral or ancient puebloan", instead using the word Anasazi.

Lecture 3

Part of the Society of Biology’s vision is to facilitate the promotion and translation of advances in biological science for national and international benefit and to help the wider public engage with our subject. This year’s photography competition, “How Biology Can Save the World”, strongly supports this vision. Most global issues link in with an area of biology, enabling biological research to have a significant impact to communities worldwide. For example, advances in agricultural techniques are improving food security to feed the expanding global population. The population is also an ageing one, and research into diseases like Alzheimer’s may help to manage the consequences of this changing population profile. A thorough understanding of the complexities of the natural world is important to ensure a more sustainable future is created that can both meet energy demands and protect biodiversity, particularly when faced with the impact of climate change.

What better way to showcase the close links between biology and the complex challenges of the 21st century than through photography? A striking image can make anyone stop and think about an issue, whether they are an expert in the field or entirely unfamiliar with the topic. Everyone will have a different take on the ways in which biology can save the world and we are excited to see the variety of entries that come in.

Lecture 4

Belief in the ability of science to change things for the better is very often the motivation for choosing biology as a career. Jumping into the mysterious and far-reaching depths of any biological discipline will yield a bounty of treasures. Whether it is knowledge about a new disease process, the ecstatic feeling after discovering a new species or the satisfaction of knowing your work will improve the lives of some of the world’s population.

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Speaking

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of allowing students to eat in class? Use specific details and examples to support your opinion.

2. Do you prefer to take courses related to a specific career, or do you prefer to take a variety of courses? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

3.

Reading: The university is planning to build a student lounge to help commuter students. Many students commute from home to campus by bus or by train, they are unable to go home between classes. The student lounge can let them have a rest there and put their books in the lockers installed. What’s more, it would serve as a good place to post some important information, such as train schedule.

Listening: The woman/man in the converation thinks it’s a bad idea. 1) First of all, he/she thinks that it would be unfair to give special treatment to students who live far away because the student dormitory is also very far but students living there are given no help. 2) In addition, the lockers in the library could be used to deposit their books instead of building new ones. Her second objection is that students can easily access information through their means such as the internet or call the train station directly.

4.

Reading: The term is the planning fallacy, which refers to the tendency for people to underestimate how long they will need to complete a task. People commit planning fallacies because they often fail to consider all the possible factors that can affect the completion of a project, and this fallacy can sometimes lead to bad consequences.

Listening:

The professor uses himself as an example to illustrate this term. Back in the days when he was a student, one day he was given an assignment to write a 10-page paper. He thought the topic was easy and presumed he could finish the paper very quickly, so he started working on it only one day before its due date. He went to the library and borrowed some reference books, but they did not give him enough information so he had to return to the library, only to find that it was closed. In the end, he had to hand in the paper late and received a very low score. This is a typical example of planning fallacy.

5. The man has found a summer job and has rented an apartment near the job. But the kitchen is not available in that apartment so cooking has become a problem for the boy.

According to the man's situations, the woman gives him two solutions. 1) He could either use a friend’s kitchen.(inconvenient)  2) He could buy a meal plan from the school cafeteria.(cheap but far away)

6.The lecture talks about how adult insects would ensure that their new offspring can have enough food to survive.

1) The first method is to store a large amount of food in the nest, so when baby insects are born, they can have all the food they need. For example, after constructing the nest, the potter wasp would place a variety of food in it to feed its young.

2) The second method is to build the nest close to a source of food. For example, the butterfly would fly around searching for food. Once it has located a place with a reliable food source, it would build its nest close to this source. When young butterflies are born, they can fly and get food on their own easily.

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Writing

Writing Section

Integrated Writing

Reading: Everglades are faced with severe environmental problems.

1. invasive plants do harm to native species

2. decrease of the amount of water, the drying water makes species hard to survive

3. mercury pollution which do harm to all the species

Listening: Disagree. This problem has workable solutions and can be solved.

1. It was the fertilizer that added too much nutrition to the soil which help the growth of the invasive plants. The problem can be solved by restricting the amount of fertilizer, that is, using less fertilizer.

2. Digging out channels to drain water away make the decrease of the amount of water, if the channel is removed, the problem will be solved.

3. The mercury pollution is due to the burn of coal, it can be solved by selecting coal which contains low amount of mercury

Independent Writing:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Though science and technology continue to advance, whether the most significant improvement has taken place.

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