无痛托福口语：综合任务篇（Independent Task）II

《无痛托福口语I》提到托福考生就口语综合任务的练习除了刷真题或TPO好像没有别的板斧，笔者因此介绍了一些无痛的、循序渐进的、托福官方也推介的方法，本文就口语综合任务四、六题提出同类方案给大家参考。

针对第四和六的Lecture题，大家可以找各学科的英语教材，如AP（Advanced Placement）生物、环境科学、经济，GCE A-Level或IB 的地理、商业，或科普杂志如Discovery, National Geographic。有关材料，大家可以上网找，找到后，随性的细看那些你有兴趣的、同时跟托福lecture题有关的章节，之后进行如下练习：

1、看懂有关章节的两到三段

2、用英语把第一段的要点写下来

3、之后是第二和第三段

4、对照着这些要点，用英语把每一段复述

5、拿着这些笔录的点，多找几个同学，用英语给他/她们复述

这种练习的好处：

1、让你对各种学科有一定的概念和基本知识，加强回答4、6题的信心

2、为你托福Listening部分做好前期背景工作

3、广泛的阅读，对托福Reading有一定的帮助

4、如果你是高中生，是之后学/复习SAT II的热身

5、如果你是大学生，涉猎各种学科，让你的通识教育更扎实，更像一名准知识分子

这里我给大家准备了AP 生物的extract，大家玩玩：

In the contest between predator and prey, some prey may have unique heritable characteristics that enable them to more successfully elude predators. Similarly, some predators may have characteristics that enable them to more successfully capture prey. The natural selection of characteristics that promote the most successful predators and the most elusive prey leads to coevolution of predator and prey. In other cases, two species may evolve so that mutual benefits increase. In general, coevolution is the evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species.

另外有些常见的jargons如camouflage和mimicry，大家也可以从相关的材料找到：

Camouflage (or cryptic coloration) is any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings. Both prey and predator benefit from camouflage.

• The fur of the snowshoe hare is white in winter (a camouflage in snow) and brown in summer (a camouflage against the exposed soil).

• The larvae of certain moths are colored so that they look like bird droppings.

• The markings on tigers and many other cats provide camouflage in a forested background. In contrast, the yellow-brown coloring of lions provides camouflage in their savanna habitat.

• Some plants escape predation because they have the shape and color of the surrounding rocks.

Mimicry occurs when two or more species resemble one another in appearance. There are two kinds of mimicry:

• Müllerian mimicry occurs when several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same coloration. Müllerian mimicry is an effective strategy because a single pattern, shared among several animals, is more easily learned by a predator than would be a different pattern for every animal. Thus, bees, yellow jackets, and wasps all have yellow and black body markings.

• Batesian mimicry occurs when an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense. For example, some defenseless flies have yellow and black markings but are avoided by predators because they resemble the warning coloration of bees.

（英文资料来源：CliffsAP, AP Biology, by Phillip E. Pack）

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