2014年6月21日托福考试全科真题回顾

Reading

一、Climates have a lot of things to do with people's life.The N's tribe is one of the most obvious examples to show us how climates can affect people's life.This N's tribe used to live in the younger dry times and they lived in a wild life style.However,climates was gonna change and it turned dry.The river and the source of water turned dry day by day with the games turned less and less.The drought made the N's tribe difficult to find any food to make a living in a wild life style.So that people needed to invent much more precise hunting skills in order to make a living.In order to hunt more for food,they invented new tools,like the arrowhead.

But they still could not get enough food so that they moved,then settled and tried to find new ways to live on.They happened to start to cultivate rye crop,and "tamped" wild rye generally.This became a new food resource for them and support them for a short period.Archaeologists found the rye in a small village at around 11100 to 11020 B.C,which is the first man-made rye in our history.But this did not work for too long because of the growing human beings.The amount of people were growing bigger and bigger so that they could not just live on those small amount of rye.In order to solve this problem, they bronzed their scale of hunting and started to plant more grains.Even so,this still could not support their life or satisfy their demand.So they just changed from settling down back to nomadism.As a related consequence of that was the domestic rye went back to wild.

The N's tribe used to live in woodland where their ancestor lived for hundreds of years.Because of the change of the climate,the turning from humid to drought,with the process of arid of the water source,they could not make a living just in woodland.So they moved to Jordan river,where there were fertile soil and full source of water.

二、Metamorphosis

It is acknowledged that amphibious animals have to go through the stage of metamorphosis before they evolve into mature ones. There exists some protection actions, which are called metamorphosis, during the process of transforming into pupil from juvenile, and moreover, the process of metamorphosis always lasts for several hours or even several days. Then they will finally turn into the adult. For instance, tadpoles can evolve into frogs and larvae can evolve into butterflies, and all of these action can be assorted as the metamorphosis.

The things in the nature always possess the reasonable advantages because of which they could survive in the process of natural selection. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the metamorphosis? As for the advantages, they can assign their life cycle effectively, with the consideration of different environment. But also due to the ability of doing effective plan, they have to consume a large amount of energy to support their behavior. Why do they choose this approach with such vast energy being consumed?

Let us take the metamorphosis of frogs as an example. Mostly, the spawns of frogs are always born in a fierce environment, which is not suitable for their survival and development. That is why the frogs are inclined to consume most of their energy on the life cycle containing the reproduction and laying eggs stages. It is the same with the situation of the butterflies, that is to say, they also choose the stage which is considered as most significant to consume their energy.

However, it is difficult for all these animals to go through this stage, since some of them will be given birth in a mild environment, in which , they possess sufficient water and food to support their life, and in addition, the climate or temperature are also suitable for their survival. In this situation, these animals will ignore the stage of metamorphosis.

So with the explanation above, we can conclude the situation of possessing metamorphosis. If the juveniles of animals are born in a fierce environment, in order to survive, they have to go through metamorphosis, if not, they are likely to ignore the metamorphosis. Owing to the fact that, the environment in which these animals live in can change with the time passing by, they probably change the stage with the changing climate.

三、Coral reef

Generally, the coral reefs always can be assigned as three types: atoll, barrier reef and fringing reef, and all of these organisms let the sea world become a colorful one. Some scientist claim that the atoll always get together near the Indian Ocean, which contains huge lagoon. As for the barrier reef and the fringing reef, we can find them everywhere, and they are difficult to be distinguished from each other by scientist, that is why they are usually considered as the same kind.

Referring to the Darwin suppose, the atoll which lives in the volcanic island can gradually transform into barrier reef with the force produced by precipitation of sea water, ultimately turning into the fringing reef. This theory not only provides an explanation to the formation of lagoons, but also clarify the reason of its existence. However, this theory cannot explain all the formation of barrier reef and fringing reef, since the natural phenomenon has various reasons and the slow process of precipitation is necessary.

With the time passing by, many scientist has queried the Darwin suppose, with some evidences as well as analysis brought about, however, one specialist drilled the limestone which was more than 3000 miles deep, figuring out the atoll layer on the volcanic island, which support the Darwin suppose directly. It also attracted thousands of scientist put weights on researching it.

Even though this scientist has provided us with strong evidence to support the ancient theory, we cannot easily conclude the explanation of the formation due to the complicated natural situation. If one day, specialist can collect all of the documentary of these formations, we maybe can get one conclusion and give the through explanation of this phenomenon.

Considering the atoll can be found in a dense area and easy to discover as well as analyze, scientist have some significant materials for individuals. It is acknowledged that the atoll cannot form in the ocean in which the precipitation is quick and to some degree, it may be difficult for them to find the barrier reef or fringing reef.

关键词：真题回顾 6月21日 机经

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Listening

Conversation 1

Student: Hi professor, could I come in?

Professor: Of Course. How is your preparation for the portfolio?

Student: Actually this is why I am coming here today. I am here to ask you about some advice.

Professor: I have seen it and I think it was quite amazing.

Student: Oh thanks for the compliment! I kind of trying to combine music and art together, you know…to create a new form. I really want to do something new.

Professor: Yes I noticed it. Why don't you keep doing research on the project you are doing now? I guess it will help you to apply to art schools.

Student: I will, but now I am quite confused about the final paper. Can I write something about my project?

Professor: Oh actually I would like you to do a summary about what we mentioned in the class. Edward Monte…

Student: You mean a review?

Professor: Not exactly, just a summary of his life and work.

Student: That is not hard I guess.

Professor: You can also write things what we discussed in the class. It is your option. I will give you some detail in the next class.

Student: OK. Thank you professor. Well…back to me portfolio, do you think I need to add something?

Professor: Yes, maybe more conception. You can come back when you finish it.

Student：Thank You！

Lecture 1

The extreme Arctic climate makes the region a forbidding place to travel and a challenging place to live. Even so, people have found ways to explore and live in the Arctic. Indigenous peoples have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years. Explorers, adventurers, and researchers have also ventured into the Arctic to explore its unique environment and geography.

Residents of the Arctic include a number of indigenous groups as well as more recent arrivals from more southern latitudes. In total, only about 4 million people live in the Arctic worldwide, and in most countries indigenous people make up a minority of the Arctic population.

Archaeologists and anthropologists now believe that people have lived in the Arctic for as much as twenty thousand years. The Inuit in Canada and Greenland, and the Yu'pik, I?upiat, and Athabascan in Alaska, are just a few of the groups that are native to the Arctic. Traditionally, Arctic native peoples lived primarily from hunting, fishing, herding, and gathering wild plants for food, although some people also practice farming, particularly in Greenland. Northern people found many different ways to adapt to the harsh Arctic climate, developing warm dwellings and clothing to protect them from frigid weather. They also learned how to predict the weather and navigate in boats and on sea ice. Many Arctic people now live much like their neighbors to the south, with modern homes and appliances. Nonetheless, there is an active movement among indigenous people in the Arctic to pass on traditional knowledge and skills, such as hunting, fishing, herding, and native languages, to the younger generation.

Arctic people today face many changes to their homes and environment. Climate change is causing sea ice to melt and permafrost to thaw, threatening coastal villages with bigger storms and erosion. And the declining sea ice means that the Arctic Ocean could open up for commercial shipping or tourist cruises.

Lecture 2

The deep sea is cold, dark and under enormous pressure and the fishes that live there have adapted in strange and wonderful ways to this environment.

Many deep sea creatures give out blue light, called bioluminescence, but the stoplight loosejaw is unusual as it emits red light as well. This is invisible to both its prey and its predators, and probably acts like a torch, to search out shrimps and small fishes.  It may also be used to communicate with other stoplight loosejaws.

The range of animals that live on the deep seabed has only recently been uncovered.  They may live thousands of metres down, but they are as diverse as the inhabitants of a tropical rainforest or coral reef.  Here are some of them.

The oarfish has a flattened, snake-like body that grows up to almost 10m long.  It has a bright red dorsal fin and a crest of long stiff rods, or fin-rays, on the top of its head.

This strange and harmless fish is seen occasionally at the surface and may even be washed on to the shore. Because we see it so rarely, little is known about the oarfish's lifestyle. Its stomach contents reveal that it feeds mainly on tiny animals that drift through the water.

Oarfish occasionally appear around Britain and one was caught by an angler in Yorkshire a few years ago. Sadly it was eaten before the Natural History Museum could get to it.

There may be giants in the deep sea that we do not yet know about. In 1976, American scientists working in the Pacific hauled aboard a shark 4.5m long, previously unknown to science. If such a large and relatively shallow-living fish could remain totally unknown for so long then the deep ocean may still hold many surprises.

Conversation 2

Student：Hi, I kind of lost my ID card, I am really in a mess now. I was told that you can help me with this.

Teacher: ID card? I am sorry but I think you are coming to a wrong place. You can go downstairs. They will help you.

Student: Well…ehh…OK. I also lost my bike actually. I put it outside the dorm in March…I think it has been taken away by school.

Teacher: Now is September. Why you wait so long to get it?

Student: I just…well I have been busy… I…

Teacher: I can be quite sure that we have no methods to find it anymore.

Student: What? I cannot believe it. You should keep it until I get it don't you think so?

Teacher: You have to know that we don't run warehouse here. We normally clean it every summer vacation.

Student: So what could I do now? You cannot treat my stuff as garbage.

Teacher: I am sorry but rules are rules.

Student: I can't believe it I…

Teacher: How new is your bike?

Student: It is not brand new but it was in a very good condition.

Teacher: It might already belong to somebody who needs it. I am sorry but there is nothing I can do for the moment.

Lecture 3

Galaxies are the basic unit of cosmology. They contain stars, gas, dust and alot of dark matter. They are the only `signposts' from here to the edge of the Universe and contain the fossil clues to this earlier time.

The physics of galaxy formation is complicated because it deals with the dynamics of stars, thermodynamics of gas and energy production of stars. For example, stars form from gas clouds, but new stars heat these clouds, which dissipates them and stops the formation of other stars. After recombination, density enhancements either grew or dispersed. According to our hybrid top-down/bottom-up scenario, an assortment of enhancements formed of various sizes. Small, dense ones collapsed first, large ones formed slower and fragmented as they collapsed.

As the gas in the protogalaxy loses energy, its density goes up. Gas clouds form and move around in the protogalaxy on orbits. When two clouds collide, the gas is compressed into a shock front.

The first stars in a galaxy form in this manner. With the production of its first photons by thermonuclear fusion, the galaxy becomes a primeval galaxy.

After their formation, galaxies can still change their appearance and star formation rates by interactions with other galaxies. Galaxies orbit each on in clusters. Those orbits can sometimes cause two galaxies to pass quite close to each other to produce interesting results.

Solid objects, like planets, can pass near each other with no visible effects. However, galaxies are not solid, and can undergo inelastic collisions, which means some of the energy of the collision is transferred internally to the stars and gas in each galaxy.

Lecture 4

Leonardo was notorious for incorporating landscapes behind his subjects in the foreground, utilizing dramatic chiaroscuro and rugged terrain, possibly as psychological cues. As the Renaissance revived the classical ideals, naturalistic elements like scenery and landscape sparked a new interest in studying Nature and its importance.

Derivative of the Dutch word, idealized landscapes truly began in the Netherlands, the location of a steadily growing population of Protestants that wanted a secular option to the contemporary religious subject-matter. Aelbert Cuyp was one of the most poetic, drawing from his surroundings to paint bright and imaginative scenes. By the seventeenth century, the landscape was perfected, displaying an idealized, classical harmony where Nature was balanced and serene, evoking a classical simplicity. Landscapes were still not the highest form of painting recognized by the royal academies, but they remained popular, steadily growing in importance. Finally, late in the eighteenth century, the Academy recognized landscapes as historic and important, documenting nature as an educational study.

By the late nineteenth century, some of the world's most beloved landscapes were being painted by artists like Van Gogh and Monet, practicing the technique of en plein air, or painting outdoors. Now that pre-mixed boxed paints were readily available, the artists could travel outdoors to paint amids a more natural setting, further developing the quickly changing social customs and the idea of the weekend. The bourgeoisie could take the train to the countryside on the weekends, escaping the drab of the city. Moments like these were captured by the Impressionists and their contemporaries, documenting this new lifestyle in paintings of landscapes and social scenes. Their modern masterpieces broke ground for today's contemporary landscape artists.

关键词：真题回顾 6月21日 机经

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Speaking

1、Describe a subject of academy you enjoy learning and explain why you enjoy it.

2、Do you agree or disagree: Children should help their parents with house chores when they are old enough?

3、R: There is a proposal that the theater assistants should be paid and trained.

L: The man holds a positive attitude towards it.

1) Firstly, he says that most assistants have their main job. For example, one of his friends gave up the rehearsal because it conflicts with his boss's job.

2) Furthermore, he says the training will help the assistants work better. Some professional staffs teach the assistant how to use the equipments will also improve the quality of the play.

R: The term is the subject-expectancy effective, it means that the thoughts of people will depends on what they already know.

L: (The professor) Well, today we will talk about the subject-expectancy effective. I will give some examples to illustrate this term. For instance, a manager told a group of officers that they will be offered more works and they should be more concentrated on it. However, the amount of works was the same as the amount before the officers were told, the results showed that the officers work harder before they were told, just because they knew there will be more works. Another experiment is a company gave their fatigue and tired workers a kind of vitamin which can energy people up, but actually the pills are normal placebo, the results showed that the work efficient improved after works took the fake vitamin.

5、The girl's parents will come to her apartment this weekend, but her apartment is in a mess.

Two suggestions, 1) The girl's parents will arrive in the evening, but she has a chemistry meeting in the afternoon. She could skip that class to clean her apartment, but this class is quite important and if she skip it, she can not make it up.

2) She can go back to apartment immediately after the class and clean quickly after the meeting, although the room will not be that clear, her parents will understand her. Above all, her parents know that she is a lazy girl who do not like to clean up.

6、Birds migration at a long distance.

1) First reason is that birds will eat enough food to store energy. For example, humming bird eat much food to store energy a few weeks before the migration, the food they eat will turn into body fat and its weight can added at least 40%

2) Second reason is to take advantage of the air flow. For example, hawk can save energy by soaring-flying without flapping wings by thermals.

关键词：真题回顾 6月21日 机经

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Writing

Integrated Writing

Reading:

Three benefits of establishing an international fund to preserve forests.

Preventing agricultural damage.

2) Developing forest village.

3) Promoting the biodiversity.

Listening:

Disagree.

1) The limited farm land has nothing to do with food demand, so the farmer will use more intensive farming ways, thus making harmful damage to lands.

2) The money goes to real landowners and central government but not people who live in the forest village.

3) Not all trees will help improve the biodiversity. For example, only signal species like robber trees and oil palm trees are in the forests which are for commercial usage. There is no positive impact on biodiversity.

Independent Writing

People who cannot accept criticism from others will not be successful at working in a group.

关键词：真题回顾 6月21日 机经

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